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Zimbabwe
| 1 May 2013
Battles to succeed President Mugabe within ZANU-PF party intensified, with VP Mujuru and Defence Minister Mnangagwa still seen as main contenders: in swing province Manicaland, local leaders expressed vote of no confidence in Mujuru ally Dydmus Mutasa, while arrest of provincial chair Mike Madiro for alleged fraud and theft sparked rumours he was targeted because of his support for Mnangagwa. EU suspended sanctions against 81 ZANU-PF officials, leaving just 10 on list, citing adoption of new constitution as significant step. Continued concerns over lack of funding for elections scheduled for 29 June, budgeted at $132m; ZANU-PF mid-month rejected UN needs assessment mission claiming it overstepped mandate by including security-related concerns and requesting meetings with civil society. Heightened tension within unity govt and clampdowns on civil society further exacerbated fears elections will not be credible.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Apr 2013
Referendum on adoption of new constitution held 16-17 March with highest turnout for any election in decades. Of those voting, 94.5% voted in favour. MDC MP and BBC team reportedly assaulted during final stages of campaigning. Observers including national group Zimbabwe Election Support Network and SADC said referendum peaceful, reflected will of people; EU 25 March eased sanctions on 81 officials and 8 firms; sanctions on President Mugabe and 10 close associates remain. Tensions continued to rise ahead of upcoming elections with reports of ZANU-PF intimidation of civilians, police raids on civil society organizations. Police 17 March raided PM Tsvangirai’s communications office, seized computers, arrested 4 staff and charged them with breaching official secrets code, impersonating police and illegal possession of documents. Human rights lawyer Beatrice Mtetra, who intervened during raid, arrested for obstructing justice; released on bail 25 March.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Mar 2013
Increased raids on NGOs, confiscation of documents and equipment, and allegations by police that “99% of NGOs engaged in regime change”, following President Mugabe’s 15 Feb announcement constitutional referendum to be held 16 March; month also saw reports of politically-motivated violence, intimidation. Police 19 Feb issued edict allowing them to seize radios, same day raided offices of independent election support group Crisis Coalition for alleged subversive materials. PM Tsvangirai 13 Feb said presidential polls expected July; VP Mujuru 24 Feb said only SADC observers will be allowed to monitor polls. EU 18 Feb lifted targeted sanctions for 21 regime members; U.S. said prepared to end targeted sanctions, re-engage in bilateral collaboration if govt honours commitments for reform and implements election roadmap. 3 UN special rapporteurs called for respect for fundamental human rights in run-up to polls.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Feb 2013
GPA principals 18 Jan announced consensus reached on draft constitution. Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee (JOMIC) received several reportsof political violence and intimidation by army personnel in Mashonaland West. Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) said voter registration exercise announced in Dec 2012 delayed due to lack of funds.
Zimbabwe
| 30 Dec 2012
Belligerent calls for elections continued throughout month: at ZANU-PF’s peoples conference in Gweru 7-9 Dec, party insisted polls will be held by end of March 2013; President Mugabe threatened to force collapse of GPA and call elections if no progress made on draft constitution before Christmas day, accused “dirty western hands” of “smuggling foreign anathema views” into draft. Despite Mugabe’s ultimatum, draft constitution not finalised. In ZANU-PF report on political violence. ZANU-PF said 2011-2012 period saw more members subjected to attacks by MDC elements, adopted resolution “shunning violence unless provoked by other parties”, raising fears of renewed inter-party violence in forthcoming elections. Deputy PM Mutambara 19 Dec said country will hold general elections next year “with or without new constitution”; Finance Minister Biti 21 Dec said country “cannot afford” to hold elections in 2013, appealed to international community for aid. SADC Executive Secretary Salomão 11 Dec said Zimbabwe will send peacekeeping troops to DRC as part of SADC mission under Tanzanian command.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Dec 2012
Month saw increased manoeuvring within ZANU-PF between Mujuru and Mnangagwa factions ahead of party’s 13th National People’s Conference in Dec and planned restructuring following disbanding of District Coordinating Committees. Reports of increasing army deployments to rural areas fuelled concerns over security. Electoral Commission 26 Nov said $50mn allocated in national budget (as opposed to $270mn requested) is insufficient to fund referendum and elections set for 2013. Campaign group Partnership Africa Canada mid-month alleged $2bn in diamond revenues unaccounted for. Intimidation of opposition, rights activists, civil society continued, including 12 Nov arrest of 150 Women of Zimbabwe Arise activists in Bulawayo. Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders 26 Nov said govt violently suppressing rights activists.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Nov 2012
Feared showdown over draft constitution at 21-23 Oct Second All-Stakeholders Conference did not materialise. However, President Mugabe 21 Oct claimed political party principals will have final say on input from Second All-Stakeholders Conference, prompting fears principals may try to force amendments. Petrol bomb attack in Zaka early Oct injured several MDC supporters; PM Tsvangirai 6 Oct again threatened to pull out of unity govt, citing renewed violence against MDC members/supporters. MDC-T negotiator and Energy Minister Elton Mangoma arrested 10 Oct, accused of “undermining president”; released on bail. Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa and ZANU-PF spokesman/politburo member Rugare Gumbo announced Tsvangirai presidency would not be acceptable to military.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Oct 2012
Major parties 13 Sept agreed to take Constitution Select Committee (COPAC) draft constitution to Second All Stakeholders Conference as required by GPA; standoff provoked when ZANU-PF tabled draft with 220 amendments but MDC refused to return to negotiating table. Supreme Court Chief Justice approved one-month postponement of announcement of by-election dates to 31 Sept; Justice Minister Chinamasa sought further extension to late March 2013 citing lack of funding; President Mugabe submitted affidavit arguing by-elections not necessary as will coincide with general elections. Signs that repressive security architecture instrumental in 2008 electoral violence being reactivated: Electoral Support Network 12 Sept reported reactivation of 2008 torture bases in several rural areas amid increased reports of youth militia activities.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Sep 2012
SADC heads of state summit in Maputo 17-18 Aug emphasised progress on constitutional reform, urged GPA signatories to develop election roadmap timelines, implementation mechanism. MDC-T 3 Aug formally endorsed new draft constitution, PM Tsvangirai 28 Aug said would not negotiate further major amendments; ZANU-PF called for further changes, 29 Aug threatened elections; SADC facilitator President Zuma 24 Aug proposed referendum on COPAC, ZANU-PF drafts to resolve political impasse. High Court 30 Aug extended deadline for by-elections to 1 Oct. 2012 census began amid reported attempts by security sector members to infiltrate process. SADC 17-18 Aug decision to restrict tribunal jurisdiction to inter-state disputes condemned by human rights, legal activists.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Aug 2012
Constitution Select Committee (COPAC) 19 July handed final constitution draft to GPA principals; draft proposes presidential term limits, requires parliamentary consultation on appointments, dual citizenship not included. EU 23 July agreed to lift ban on direct development aid; pledged to lift most sanctions if “peaceful and credible” referendum on new constitution held. Supreme Court 13 July released decision forcing by-election date to be set by end Aug for 3 parliament seats vacated in 2009 by MDC-M defections to MDC-T; Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa 19 July announced polls would be held in further 35 vacant seats. Parliament 10 July passed legislation establishing human rights commission, laws prevent investigations of violations occurring before Feb 2009. 2 MDC-T activists charged 14 July with assaulting Zanu-PF supporter in Mashonaland West province; further 2 activists charged 15 July with distributing party newsletter in Masvingo province; all later granted bail. Soldiers 14 July prevented MDC-T rally in Darwendale, MDC-T SG Tendai Biti said party would respond to any Zanu-PF violence in next elections; Zanu-PF youths 22 July disrupted second rally, 11 MDC officials including district chairperson reported critically injured.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Jul 2012
SADC Troika summit 1 June called for GPA implementation, reforms before polls, elections within 12 months; 2-member SADC Troika team 11 June deployed to Zimbabwe to assist Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee in GPA implementation. Constitution Select Committee (COPAC) 21 June announced progress in constitution talks following 17-20 June meeting; GPA parties 28 June reportedly said South Africa President Zuma visit should wait until COPAC submits final draft of constitution. Zanu-PF Defence Minister Mnangagwa reportedly threatened MDC Finance Minister Biti for failing to release funds for recruitment of new soldiers; Biti 14 June said illegal recruitment of 4,600 soldiers Jan-May straining army budget. Police 4 June tear-gassed MDC-T youth outside bail hearing of 29 activists accused of murdering policeman in May 2011.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Jun 2012
President Mugabe 18 May reportedly announced desire to retire but fears disintegration of Zanu-PF, 4 May called for unity as party leadership rivalry intensifies. Zanu-PF supporters 26 May reportedly stoned to death MDC-T official, injured others during rally in Mudzi. Dialogue with EU resumed 10 May; EU High Representative Ashton 17 May praised ongoing political reforms in meeting with 6 govt representatives in Brussels; Zimbabwe demanded immediate unconditional lifting of sanctions. During 19-25 May visit, UN human rights chief Pillay called for suspension of sanctions, free and fair polls, activation of human rights commission before elections, non partisan behaviour by security forces, greater media freedoms. EU, U.S. vowed to maintain sanctions until elections held, permanent political reform demonstrated; Attorney General responded by filing sanctions lawsuit against EU. South African High Court 8 May ruled Pretoria must investigate March 2007 attack on MDC, civil society activists in Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe Justice Minister Chinamasa said ruling “lies”, violation of sovereignty. Draft constitution, released 30 April, endorsed by MDC-T, Zanu-PF demanded significant rewriting; tensions remain over presidential powers, devolution.
Zimbabwe
| 1 May 2012
PM Tsvangirai 2 April demanded Mugabe stick to election roadmap, wait for completion of new constitution and reforms before elections; President Mugabe 18 April called for violence-free, open polls, expedition of constitution writing process prior to elections. Govt 10 April rejected rumours Mugabe gravely ill following visit to Singapore; signs of succession power struggle emerging. Political violence on rise since Feb, MDC-T rallies repeatedly shut down; 15 MDC activists, including 3 councillors arrested 23 April for meeting without authorisation, released 24 April without charge. New Zealand journalist arrested 20 April, reportedly on spying allegations.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Apr 2012
Zimbabwe 1 killed, several injured 10 March when Zanu-PF-linked Chipangano militia attacked MDC-T rally, Sunningdale; police failed to prevent clashes. MDC-T rally in Marondera 25 March left several injured when party youths assaulted provincial chairman Johannes Razunguzwa. President Mugabe 10 March said GPA only meant to end violence, secure fresh elections not new constitution. Defence Minister Mnangawa mid-March signed deals with China, Iran to strengthen military cooperation. PM Tsvangirai 8 March warned security chiefs may plan coup if Mugabe loses polls. 1 killed, 7 injured when police attacked residents near Shamva mine; 8 officers arrested. Mining company Zimplats mid-March agreed to engage in controversial indigenisation program.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Mar 2012
Constitutional Select Committee 9 Feb finished constitution draft; recriminations erupted 13 Feb over age clause barring President Mugabe from another term, clause dropped 22 Feb; Mugabe 19 Feb said elections will “definitely” be called in 2012, 21 Feb vowed to stay in power. Govt 14 Feb suspended 29 NGOs in Masvingo province for not renewing annual registration; Media Commission 2 Feb announced it would seek to ban unregistered foreign newspapers that ignored calls to “regularize” status. National Constitutional Assembly 7 Feb said new constitution and equal media access to politicians are election prerequisites. EU 17 Feb renewed arms embargo and govt-to-govt development aid freeze on a 6-month basis, demanded political reforms and prospects for credible elections. 51 individuals and 20 companies removed from restrictive measure lists that authorised visa bans, asset freezes; 2 cabinet ministers on list given special permission to travel to Europe on business involving political, economic “re-engagement”.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Feb 2012
Constitution drafters missed 19 Jan draft deadline; delay blamed on ZANU-PF reversal on death penalty. Electoral Commission Chairman Simpson Mtambanengwe 19 Jan said Registrar General Office, criticised for favouring ZANU-PF, should operate under Commission supervision for next elections. Following 11 Jan clashes with vendors, police raided Harare HQ of former opposition MDC-T arresting activists, employees; MDC accused ZANU-PF of using police to destabilize party ahead of elections.
Zimbabwe
| 2 Jan 2012
ZANU-PF conference 10 Dec resolved to clamp down on and de-register international NGOs suspected of supporting “regime change”; President Mugabe said he will lead ZANU-PF in elections. Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa 20 Dec said Mugabe may dissolve Parliament in order to force elections 2012, MDC said prerequisite political reforms not yet implemented. Constitution drafting process stalled 22 Dec as ZANU-PF alleged drafters had included provisions not in National Report; MDC-T 24 Dec questioned authenticity of National Report, alleged it was doctored by ZANU-PF. MDC-N and ZANU-PF agreed National Report reflects original input from outreach process. Mugabe’s late Dec promotion of Major General Douglas Nyikayaramba heightened tensions within unity govt; Nyikayaramba previously said PM Tsvangirai constituted “threat to national security”, is accused of political interference. Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee (JOMIC) 6 Dec again asked to meet with Police Commissioner Augustine Chihuri to discuss political violence, allegedly partisan police enforcement. 2 Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe (MMPZ) advocates and chairman of public information rights forum arrested 5 Dec; police 6 Dec raided offices of MMPZ, detained director for several hours.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Dec 2011
Police 1 Nov allegedly fired tear gas into PM Tsvangirai’s MDC Harare HQ, blocked off building, attacked nearby street vendors; Tsvangirai 2 Nov expressed concern at rising political violence, accused police of being partisan. Tsvangirai 7 Nov blamed Police Commissioner Augustine Chihuri for not intervening to protect MDC supporters from ZANU-PF attackers at 6 Nov rally in Chitungwiza, near Harare; Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee (JOMIC) co-chair 9 Nov said investigating incident.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Nov 2011
South African Ambassador Mavimbela 14 Oct met with PM Tsvangirai, expressed concern at continued farm invasions. Tsvangirai 17 Oct reiterated opposition to ZANU-PF’s economic indigenisation program. Founding ZANU-PF member Enos Nkala 19 Oct urged party to drop President Mugabe as 2012 candidate. Electoral reform hearing disrupted 17 Oct by alleged ZANU-PF militants. Clashes between ZANU-PF and MDC supporters 29 Oct in Hatcliffe left 5 injured, 1 missing; court-sanctioned MDC rallies in Lupane and Victoria Falls 28-29 Oct blocked by police. South African President Zuma did not meet with Principals in negotiations despite earlier statements this would happen mid-Oct; SADC deployments to JOMIC, approved June, still pending.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Oct 2011
President Mugabe met with European External Action Service managing director for Africa Nick Wescott and U.S. Ambassador Charles Ray during month; positions on sanctions, election monitoring, reforms affirmed by all parties, but talks seen as possible beginning of thaw in relations. ZANU-PF abandoned call for elections in 2011, instead demand polls must be held by March 2012; both MDC factions, other political groupings, dismissed call as unrealistic. Rights group released report documenting over 20 cases of violence, intimidation per day, largely committed by ZANU-PF. Diamond sale plans continued despite late-Aug HRW allegations of human rights violations in Chiadzwa/Marange diamond fields.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Sep 2011
Continued negotiations between power-sharing parties under auspices of South African president Jacob Zuma 12 Aug failed to finalise elections roadmap. Agreement blocked on security sector reform, which ZANU-PF insists is off-limits; composition of electoral commission; and concerns over state violence. Communiqué resulting from 17-18 Aug SADC summit seen as disappointing for MDC: affirmed progress since June summit, urged commitment to GPA implementation and finalisation of roadmap for resolving outstanding issues; slightly modified position on deployment of SADC officials to Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee. Pro-ZANU-PF media called to remove Zuma from SADC facilitator role, but issue not raised at summit. Senior ZANU-PF politburo member General Solomon Mujuru, husband of VP Joyce Mujuru, died in mysterious fire 16 Aug; Mujuru regarded as counterweight to radical elements in ZANU-PF leadership succession contest, generating concerns over repercussions of death. Public hearing on draft Human Rights Commission abandoned late July after parliament invaded by crowd of ZANU-PF supporters, several individuals including journalists and MPs physically assaulted. Controversy regarding reengagement in international diamond trading continued, with early-Aug BBC report alleging abuses at Marange diamond fields.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Aug 2011
Continued mixed messages on timing of election contributing to uncertainty, insecurity. Despite agreement among negotiating teams early July on new detail and timelines on election “roadmap”, including that elections should be held in third quarter of 2012, ZANU-PF politiburo mid July again called for elections in 2011. Critical issues still unresolved include security sector transformation, staffing of Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, validation of final voter’s roll, election monitoring. ZANU-PF early month accused MDC-T of deliberately stalling constitution-making process (COPAC) to ensure elections are delayed to 2012. SADC monitors due to join Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee (JOMIC) yet to be deployed. SADC’s Organ for Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation late June removed Zimbabwe from its agenda, claiming situation “normalised”; SADC Facilitator Jacob Zuma will now report directly to SADC heads of state. Arrests and harassment of senior MDC figures continued, including MDC-T Minister Jameson Timba and leadership of smaller MDC faction. Brigadier General Douglas Nyikayaramba late June told state-controlled Herald newspaper Tsvangirai is a Western creation being used for regime change.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Jul 2011
SADC meeting 11-12 June saw communiqué calling on parties to accelerate GPA implementation, create environment for free and fair elections. MDC and most commentators interpreted communiqué as endorsement of SADC’s March Livingstone communiqué; ZANU-PF and state media insist it is rejection of Livingstone document. Communiqué reinforces Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee through deployment of SADC personnel. Jameson Timba, MDC-T Minister in PM’s office, arrested and detained late June on charges of insulting President Mugabe, after claiming he lied about import of SADC communiqué. Constitution-drafting committee COPAC suspended activities due to funding delays. Late June Kimberley Process (KP) meeting ended with statement by chair approving sale of Marange diamonds, despite objections by some (primarily western) KP members and warning from NGOs that KP had lost all credibility. South African High Court early June rejected motion by Zimbabwe govt to overturn 3 rulings in favour of dispossessed farmers, upholding their right to compensation. Explosive device detonated outside home of Finance Minister Tendai Biti 5 June.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Jun 2011
SADC South African facilitation team early May met with negotiators from ZANU-PF and both MDC formations to develop elections roadmap; significant progress reported around key issues including sanctions, constitution, media and electoral reform. In rare concession ZANU-PF negotiators agreed possible time range from 2012 to 2013, however, ZANU-PF politburo meeting 10 May reiterated position insisting on elections in 2011. Central Bank governor Gideon Gono 15 May said no budget for elections this year. Extraordinary SADC summit 20 May deferred discussion on Zimbabwe until June, agreed to dissolve tribunal. Attempts by SADC mediator South African President Zuma’s team to meet security chiefs rebuffed by ZANU-PF as foreign interference; ZANU-PF negotiators also reportedly told they cannot engage in discussions about security sector reform. Tensions within ZANU-PF reportedly intensifying amid speculation over Mugabe succession. Arrests of civil society activists continue.
Zimbabwe
| 1 May 2011
Zimbabwe Arrests, intimidation targeting opposition activists continued including 15 Apr arrest of MDC-M’s co-minister for national healing Moses Nzila Ndlovu, detained for “addressing illegal memorial service” marking 1980s Gukurunhundi massacres. Following 31 March SADC Troika on Politics, Defence and Security, SADC issued strong communiqué condemning clampdown, demanding immediate end to violence, intimidation. Days later police in Harare used teargas against church congregation, arrested pastors. PM Tsvangirai 18 Apr denounced President Mugabe’s long-standing plans to nationalise foreign-owned firms; Mugabe said recent govt notice giving foreign mining companies until 9 May to submit plans on share-transfer was part of broader economic empowerment program. MDC Congress convened 30 Apr ahead of vote for party’s top leadership.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Apr 2011
Month saw increasing rift within govt of national unity. MDC leader PM Tsvangirai denounced President Mugabe’s ZANU-PF attempts to remove MDC officials from office. Supreme Court 10 March rejected MDC Lovemore Moyo’s election as speaker of parliament; parliament 29 March decisively re-elected Moyo as speaker. Authorities 25 March re-arrested Energy Minister Elton Mangoma, initially arrested 10 March and charged with abuse of office over fuel purchase. Reacting, Tsvangirai 10 March declared ZANU-PF violence, arrests and total disregard for Global Political Agreement provisions had rendered govt impotent; stated road map prepared by South African President Zuma is only solution. Coalition of rights groups 23 March warned govt abuses were escalating and would intensify if elections held in 2011. Human Rights Watch 8 March accused security forces and ZANU-PF of beating, torturing, killing political opponents; criticised unity govt for failing to implement human rights reform. SADC troika 31 March called for end to political violence during meeting in Zambia.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Mar 2011
President Mugabe continued to press for elections to be held in 2011 while PM and Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) leader Morgan Tsvangirai 18 Feb threatened to boycott election if Mugabe pushed ahead before referendum on constitution, key electoral reform. SADC facilitator South African President Zuma 17 Feb condemned politically motivated violence, intimidation in Harare suburbs. EU, U.S. expressed deep concern, condemned upsurge in political violence. Amnesty International 11 Feb urged immediate govt reform of security, media institutions and criticised SADC, AU for “missing every opportunity to end human rights violations”. Meanwhile EU 15 Feb extended sanctions for further year saying further reform essential to create environment for credible elections, but also removed 35 people from sanctions list, including spouses of Mugabe’s allies. At least 50 activists arrested 19 Feb, charged with “plotting to subvert constitutionally elected govt” for discussing Egypt and Tunisia protests. Following Jan election of Welshman Ncube as president of faction of MDC, High Court 17 Feb ordered outgoing president Arthur Mutambara to step aside until court rules on petition brought by Mutambara supporters.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Feb 2011
South African mediators 18 Jan arrived for separate consultations with MDC-M, MDC-T, Zanu PF; said election road map to be guided by revised constitution, including security sector, media and electoral reforms. President Mugabe 23 Jan threatened to dissolve parliament, prepare for elections if unity govt does not agree on poll. Zimbabwe Election Support Network 21 Jan released report claiming 27% registered voters are either dead, aged over 100 years or under 12 months, indicating vote-rigging intentions. Further to PM Tsvangirai’s Dec criticism of heavy state security deployment to rural areas, reports emerged early Jan that soldiers used violence against population in Masvingo province including 30 injured 5 Jan. MDC-T 14 Jan issued statement condemning targeted violence against MDC officials, activists urged SADC, AU and international community to note ZANU-PF crackdown. Attorney General Johannes Tomana 13 Jan denied Dec state media claims that he would establish commission of inquiry to investigate PM Tsvangirai, other MDC officials over U.S. diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks.
Zimbabwe
| 3 Jan 2011
Ahead of expected 2011 elections, military, intelligence and police chiefs summoned to appear before Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee 10 Dec over reported comments they will not accept election results if President Mugabe does not win. PM Tsvangirai criticised reported deployment of state security agents in rural areas to bolster support for Mugabe ahead of polls. South African President Zuma took over lead role drafting elections roadmap due to lack of agreement in unity govt, ahead of Jan meeting of SADC Troika. Constitution-drafting committee 23 Dec said expects referendum on draft constitution Sept 2011. Amid ongoing tensions in unity govt, PM Tsvangirai 6 Dec ordered MDC senators back to work following protest against presence of provincial governors they say illegally appointed by Mugabe. Mugabe 18 Dec told ZANU PF conference will in future expel ambassadors and organisations interfering in country’s internal affairs. U.S. 21 Dec imposed sanctions on attorney general Johannes Tomana for threatening rule of law; comes after U.S. removed sanctions on ZAPU president and member. Human Rights Watch issued report 29 Dec saying diamonds from Marange field funding Mugabe’s ZANU PF. U.S. cable from Nov 2008 published by WikiLeaks reported Mugabe’s wife, reserve bank head Gideon Gono, military leaders and others in political elite profited from illegal diamond trading. Attorney general threatened treason charges against Tsvangirai and others over their leaked comments to U.S. diplomats. International donors pledged over $500mn in aid, called for reforms and election preparations.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Dec 2010
Following finalisation of constitutional outreach meetings in Oct, parliamentary select committee in charge of constitutional process began compiling data ahead of thematic committee discussions, report to constitution drafting committee. ZANU-PF spokesman Rugare Gumbo declared if new constitution is rejected in 2011 referendum, elections will be held under current constitution. MDC spokesman Nelson Chamisa stressed importance of new constitution. Planned SADC summit to discuss political crisis cancelled after Zambian, Mozambique presidents pulled out. South African President Zuma in Harare 26 Nov to meet with Mugabe and Tsvangirai, discuss power-sharing, elections. MDC early Nov accused ZANU-PF of inserting loyal members of Central Intelligence Organization, police and military into electoral commission secretariat. Kimberly process plenary meeting again failed to agree on whether to allow Zimbabwe to sell diamonds from Marange mines. ZimOnline investigation into land seized from white-owned farms since 2000 reported 5mn hectares, almost 40% of total, now controlled by Mugabe and allies.
“SADC shows allegiance to Mugabe as leaders fail to show”, Zimbabwean, 24 Nov. 2010.
For latest report, see Crisis Group Africa Briefing Nº70, Zimbabwe: Political and Security Challenges to the Transition, 3 March 2010.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Nov 2010
Increasing tensions and fears of possible collapse of unity govt over differences on Global Political Agreement, elections. PM Tsvangirai’s MDC party early month called constitutional process a “circus”, accused military of intimidation during outreach meetings; said at least 1,100 outreach debates should be held again. South African President and SADC mediator Zuma sent 3 envoys to Harare to help resolve impasse between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe after Tsvangirai 13 Oct criticised Mugabe and ZANU-PF, refused to recognise appointments made “illegally and unconstitutionally” by Mugabe in past 18 months, including governors, judges, envoys. Mugabe 10 Oct stated 2008 Global Political Agreement, set to expire Feb 2011, should not be extended; reportedly pushing for elections by mid-2011, mobilising ZANU-PF in preparation. Constitutional committee announced referendum date for 30 June 2011. Tsvangirai early month threatened election boycott, claiming electoral reforms needed before polls. MDC 20 Oct said will accept outcome of “flawed” constitutional outreach process as transitional document for elections, but followed by negotiated constitution after polls. Commercial Farmers Union 27 Oct claimed ZANU-PF intimidation and farm evictions increasing ahead of elections. MDC treasurer Roy Bennett 22 Oct said will not return to Zimbabwe from South Africa, fearing prosecution by ZANU-PF. Botswana President Khama 5 Oct called on Western govts to lift sanctions on Mugabe and top allies, to “demonstrate good faith”; West repeated need for political violence to end before easing of sanctions.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Oct 2010
With majority of scheduled meetings completed in ongoing constitutional outreach process, actions to disrupt consultations, including violence and intimidation, continued. PM Tsvangirai demanded urgent meeting with President Mugabe to address violence threatening the legitimacy of exercise. Tsvangirai met South African President Zuma 7 Sept to express discomfort about failure to resolve Global Political Agreement outstanding issues during the 30-day deadline set by SADC 17 Aug. Police launched manhunt for MDC-T treasurer Roy Bennett, the yet to be sworn in deputy agriculture minister, without disclosing nature of alleged crime. Secret second diamond auction held 11-12 Sept, supervised by Kimberley Process monitor Abbey Chikane. Addressing UNGA 24 Sept, Mugabe called for end to Western sanctions; U.S. 26 Sept said greater respect for rights, political freedoms, rule of law needed before sanctions can be removed. EU 2 Sept approved €16mn aid package. South Africa announced will begin expelling Zimbabweans again from 31 Dec.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Sep 2010
Constitutional consultations continue to be marred by allegations of violence and intimidation, and logistical problems including lack of resources. Adopting recommendations by South African President Zuma, SADC summit 17 Aug set deadline for full implementation of Dec 2008 Global Political Agreement, giving parties 30 days to resolve outstanding issues; no penalty specified for missing deadline. Also called for roadmap for elections in 2011, amid widespread fears that early elections could lead to violence. Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) chair 26 Aug said country not ready for elections in 2011; challenges include chaotic voters roll, underfunded ZEC. Zimbabwe leaders 21 Aug reached agreement on 27 outstanding issues. President Mugabe 20 Aug said will not concede to more political reform until “evil” U.S., EU sanctions lifted. Legislation introduced in U.S. Congress aiming to update sanctions to reflect political changes. MDC-T reported increased assaults on its officials and supporters over past 2 months. Kimberly Process-sanctioned auction of diamonds from controversial Marange fields 11 Aug raised $72m, earned govt $30m; boycotted by major U.S.-based diamond trading network charging lenient application of Kimberly standards. Finance minister Tendai Biti 29 Aug announced Central Bank to lay off 85% of staff.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Aug 2010
Constitutional consultations underway since mid-June continued. Amid NGO allegations of ZANU-PF intimidation of villagers to back views of the party, Constitutional Parliamentary Committee early month called for arrest of civil society workers monitoring public consultation process. ZANU-PF deputy legal affairs secretary Patrick Chinamasa 14 July stated party will use legal means to block any draft constitution not reflecting its views. MDC 6 July released report naming over 11,000 perpetrators of political violence since March 2008, stating over 500 MDC members/supporters murdered by ZANU-PF militants or state security agents during period. Finance Minister Biti said President Mugabe and senior army officers implicated in atrocities should not be prosecuted if they leave office voluntarily. Supreme Court 28 July adjourned indefinitely hearing of state appeal against May acquittal of MDC-T treasurer Roy Bennett on treason charges. National executive committees of ZANU-PF and two MDC parties met for first time since formation of unity govt 21 July to discuss ways to end political violence. Members of Kimberly Process Certification Scheme 15 July agreed to allow Zimbabwe to export some diamonds from controversial Marange fields; followed MDC joining calls by ZANU-PF for exports to be allowed. Zimbabwean delegation met with EU High Rep Ashton in Brussels 2 July to discuss normalizing relations; Ashton called for more democratic, human rights reforms. Mugabe 7 July claimed country would not need Western aid to revive economy. FAO 27 July reported increased agricultural output since 2009, improved food security.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Jul 2010
President Mugabe, PM Tsvangirai and Deputy PM Mutambara launched 3-month public consultation campaign on new constitution. Launch marred by reports of ZANU-PF intimidation of MDC supporters, logistical problems around consultations in rural areas. Internal MDC-T bickering between Tsvangirai and Finance Minister Biti continued. Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) monitor 8 June said Zimbabwe had met “minimum requirements” to begin exporting diamonds from controversial Marange mines; criticised by rights groups who cite ongoing govt abuses, corruption. KPCS discussions on issue ended in stalemate late month. Rights investigator charged early month with providing false information to KPCS denied bail 21 June. EU-Zimbabwe talks to resume 2 July after FM Mumbengegwi 15 June accused EU of delaying new round of talks on sanctions.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Jun 2010
MDC-T treasurer Roy Bennett 10 May acquitted of treason charges; state prosecution 12 May announced appeal; ZANU-PF refused Bennett’s appointment as deputy agriculture minister despite acquittal, fuelling tensions in inclusive govt. PM Tsvangirai (MDC) 17 May called for SADC meeting to address stalled implementation of Global Political Agreement; followed early May visit by SADC envoy after ZANU-PF-Bennett row. President Mugabe appointed former electoral commission chief George Chiweshe as High Court’s Judge President and swore in five new judges; appointment likely to heighten tensions; critics say undermines judiciary. Tsvangirai 11 May welcomed reviewed U.S. sanctions legislation targeting individual politicians and voiced hopes to hold constitutional referendum by end 2010 and elections 2011. Tsvangirai and MDC-T Sec Gen and Finance Minister Biti downplayed infighting within MDC widely reported in state-media. Tsvangirai 3 May urged implementation of Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act to be more orderly and planned than 2000 land reform; Biti 5 May appointed new Central Bank board, hoped to implement reforms. New Zimbabwe Media Council 27 May granted publishing licenses to 4 private newspapers.
Zimbabwe
| 1 May 2010
President Mugabe 17 Apr called for end to political, racial violence as country marked 30 years independence. Calls for new elections increased after “package of measures” announced by South African President Zuma in March failed to break impasse over implementation of Global Political Agreement (GPA). President Mugabe 15 Apr dismissed reports controversial Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act to be suspended after PM Tsvangirai described law as “null and void”; stock market has fallen 10% since law’s introduction. Prosecutors 12 Apr said new grain-hoarding charges against MDC-T Treasurer Roy Bennett announced in March had been dropped. Govt, EU to schedule new talks after Brussels visit by joint MDC/ZANU-PF delegation campaigning for sanctions removal postponed 21 Apr. UNICEF 7 Apr estimated 78% of population “absolutely poor”; 55% living below food poverty line; WHO 16 Apr reported measles outbreak had spread to 48 of country’s 60 districts.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Apr 2010
Political impasse continued as President Mugabe early month stripped responsibilities from several MDC ministers and transferred administration of controversial Interceptions and Communication Act to Central Intelligence Agency, based within president’s office; MDC said actions went against spirit of 2008 Global Political Agreement. During 17-18 March Harare visit, South African President Zuma announced parties had agreed to compromise deal aimed at resolving impasse; deal allows for Gideon Gono to retain post as Reserve Bank Governor and for several senior MDC-T officials to be sworn in; Mugabe 31 March swore in human rights and electoral commissioners agreed to by parties in Feb. Zuma early month lobbied EU to lift “suffocating” sanctions. Mugabe 4 March said he would stand in 2011 presidential elections if nominated; PM Tsvangirai 7 March announced he would also run. Homes, churches belonging to MDC supporters in Muzarabani reportedly burned 29 March in alleged political attack. Attorney general’s office 31 March said MDC-T treasurer Roy Bennett to face new charges of hoarding maize in 2001. High Court 31 March adjourned Bennett’s terrorism trial until 10 May. ICRC 11 March launched urgent appeal for worsening food crisis.
Zimbabwe
| 1 Mar 2010
1-year anniversary of unity govt marked by ongoing political stalemate. MDC-T party 12 Feb formally declared deadlock in talks with ZANU-PF, after SADC facilitation team failed to broker progress during early Feb visit; PM Tsvangirai 5 Feb said early elections may be only way to break impasse. Controversial Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment law gazetted 10 Feb; Tsvangirai declared law “null and void” because not seen by unity govt cabinet; Mugabe 27 Feb insisted law would be enforced from 1 March. EU 15 Feb extended targeted sanctions; President Mugabe 17 Feb denounced as punishment for land reform program and rejected further concessions to MDC until sanctions lifted. Despite impasse, parties 8 Feb agreed to appointments for heads of electoral and human rights commissions. AU 31 Jan selected Zimbabwe for 3-year term on Peace and Security Council. IMF 19 Feb restored Zimbabwe’s voting rights. Govt workers 2 Feb began open-ended civil strike over wages.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Feb 2010
ZANU-PF failed to attend power-sharing negotiations scheduled to resume 16 Jan; talks called off 20 Jan. South African mediators 5 Jan said parties had reached consensus on some outstanding issues. ZANU-PF 27 Jan said party to make no further concessions until sanctions lifted; PM Tsvangirai 29 Jan urged foreign govts to send “very positive signal” by easing sanctions. South African President Zuma urged parties to put most contentious issues aside to allow country to proceed with 2011 election. SADC leaders 7 Jan expressed frustration with slow pace of reforms. Trial of MDC-T Treasurer and Deputy Agriculture Minister-designate Roy Bennett resumed 12 Jan; state’s key witness backtracked on statement implicating Bennett in alleged terror plot, allegedly made under torture; judge 25 Jan ruled witness’s statements inadmissible. Public consultations on new constitution to resume after parties 28 Jan reportedly reached compromise on administration of outreach teams. Commercial Farmers’ Union 22 Jan criticised govt for failing to halt surge in farm invasions; High Court 27 Jan rejected 2008 SADC court ruling against land seizures. Finance Minister Biti 19 Jan said foreign debt burden hampering efforts to mend economy.
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Zimbabwe
| 4 Jan 2010
ZANU-PF and MDC negotiators failed to resolve outstanding power-sharing issues by 5 Dec deadline set by SADC early Nov. New South African mediation team assembled by President Zuma visited Harare 7-9 Dec, reported modest progress. President Mugabe and PM Tsvangirai 21 Dec agreed on make-up of new commissions established to address media and electoral reform. MDC District Chairman for Makoni South Mudzingwa Bakare arrested 20 Dec for holding “illegal” rally convened by MDC MP; party condemned as political harassment. ZANU-PF factional tensions intensified as party held national congress 11-12 Dec, failed to reach agreement on amendments to party’s constitution. Mugabe, re-elected party leader, repeated call for targeted sanctions to be removed. Finance Minister Biti 2 Dec forecast economy to grow by 7% in 2010. During 7-9 Dec visit, UN Asst SG for Humanitarian Affairs Bragg said humanitarian situation had improved since formation of unity govt, launched appeal for assistance.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Dec 2009
PM and MDC-T leader Tsvangirai 6 Nov ended 3 week disengagement from unity govt after SADC leaders set 30-day deadline, expiring 5 Dec, for resolution of all outstanding power-sharing issues. Tsvangirai met President Mugabe (ZANU-PF), Deputy PM Mutambara (MDC-M) for talks 13 Nov, reportedly agreeing to reforms of media, electoral system and improving human rights. South African mediation team 30 Nov held talks with Mugabe, Tsvangirai. Parliament 18 Nov unanimously approved bill reforming Reserve Bank, reducing power of controversial bank governor Gono. Terrorism trial of Deputy Agriculture Minister-designate Roy Bennett (MDC-T) began 9 Nov, adjourned 27 Nov until Jan after key witness against Bennett, arms dealer Peter Hitschmann, failed to appear in court. Harassment of activists, MDC members continued; union leader Lovemore Matombo detained 8-13 Nov. Kimberly Process team 5 Nov gave Zimbabwe till June 2010 to implement plan to end rights abuses in Marange diamond fields; state media 19 Nov announced army withdrawing from mines.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Nov 2009
| Political situation deteriorated as PM Tsvangirai 16 Oct announced MDC-T to “disengage” from unity govt over stalled implementation of Global Political Agreement and brief imprisonment of Deputy Agriculture Minister designate Roy Bennett (MDC-T). MDC-T boycotted cabinet, council of minister meetings, but Tsvangirai 23 Oct stressed MDC-T had not “withdrawn” from govt. SADC delegation in Harare 29-30 Oct for talks with govt announced extraordinary summit to be held as soon as possible. UN Special Rapporteur for Torture Manfred Nowak 28 Oct expressed outrage at govt’s revocation of invite for investigative mission; govt said visit clashed with SADC visit. MDC reported increase in violence after boycott. Fresh spate of farm invasions over month. ZANU-PF succession battle continued as members failed to nominate replacement for late VP John Msika by 7 Oct deadline. Former minister Jonathan Moyo readmitted to ZANU-PF 3 Oct. UK 15 Oct pledged $100m for public services.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Oct 2009
One year anniversary of signing of Global Political Agreement marked by deepening frustration among MDC party over power-sharing failures. Party officials at 11 Sept convention pressed for GNU walk-out if outstanding issues not quickly resolved, while MDC leader and PM Tsvangirai at 13 Sept party rally in Bulawayo implied right to disengage, though actual risk thought low. Rivalry between ZANU-PF Mujuru and Mnangagwa factions continued to intensify, focusing on party allocation of posts at 11 and 16 Sept youth and women’s league conferences and possible readmission of renowned former information minister Moyo. ZANU-PF dealt significant blow 11 Sept by high level defection of women’s league chair Thenjiwe Lesabe to ZANU. Some thawing in external relations: U.S. delegation arrived 2 Sept, and high-level EU delegation 3 Sept; both stressed support to govt but maintaining stance on targeted sanctions. IMF end-Aug released $400m in support to boost foreign currency reserves, part of agreement reached at G20 summit to help member states manage global recession - no shift in IMF policy. UK 11 Sept announced govt prepared to resume support to land reform program. In diplomatic boost for Mugabe, SADC at early month summit called for removal of all Zimbabwe sanctions.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Sep 2009
| Relations between power-sharing partners ZANU-PF and MDC parties continued to strain. ZANU-PF 14 Aug announced it would make no further concessions to MDC on unity govt, alleging MDC had reneged on pledge to secure removal of targeted sanctions. Cabinet retreat in Nyanga dissolved 24 Aug after Deputy PM Mutambara (MDC-M faction) called 2008 elections fraudulent, prompting ZANU-PF walk-out. 10 more MDC lawmakers briefly arrested late month. VP John Msika died early month of natural causes, fuelling already fierce battle between the 2 ZANU-PF factions over President Mugabe’s succession. U.S. Sec State Clinton during 8 Aug visit to South Africa stressed “negative effects” of Mugabe’s rule on SA and called for more action to ensure reform. South African President and SADC Chairman Zuma 27 Aug travelled to Harare, called on governing parties to implement Sept 2008 Global Political Agreement to “create confidence”. Mugabe 27 Aug lashed out at western interference. Army and air-force chiefs Phillip Sibanda and Perence Shiri publicly saluted PM Tsvangirai for first time; reports gesture part of possible bargain with MDC regarding their outstanding power-sharing demands. UN and Medecins Sans Frontieres warned of potential new cholera outbreak as rainy season approaches.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Aug 2009
Tension between GPA coalition partners on the rise. MDC MPs 29 June boycotted cabinet meeting unilaterally rescheduled by President Mugabe, announced list of unresolved grievances regarding appointments and Mugabe’s failure to convene all-party National Security Council. 4 MDC MPs handed jail sentences over month, requiring they vacate seats; MDC 22 July accused ZANU-PF of seeking to erode MDC majority. 13 July all-stakeholders conference on constitution-making process disrupted, resuming next day, after ZANU-PF supporters stormed meeting; both sides condemned disturbances. ZANU-PF continues to press for adoption of 2007 “Kariba draft”, MDC for fresh consultative process. Reports of worsening violence against MDC supporters in countryside. Mugabe in 27 July Global Dialogue conference in Uganda hinted at ban on NGOs. Mugabe met new U.S. Asst Sec State for Africa Carson at AU summit in Libya 3 July, afterwards called Carson an “idiot” for seeking to “dictate” Zimbabwean affairs. Kimberley Process review team visited Marange diamond fields early month, reporting “horrific” violence against civilians by security forces and illegal mining by military, calling for removal of troops by 20 July and threatening to blacklist Zim diamonds; security forces remained at end month.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Jul 2009
MDC leader and PM Tsvangirai 7-26 June visited Europe and U.S. to generate donor support, announced acrimony with President Mugabe “over”. Elicited some $115m additional humanitarian aid from EU, Netherlands, U.S., Germany, UK to be channeled through Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP), well below requested $8-9b; capitals stressed direct funding to govt contingent on further reforms, amid continuing criticism of Mugabe’s intransigence. China late month committed $950m in credit lines, largest loan from single country since unity govt formed. 3rd IMF assessment mission began 15 June. Reconciliation Minister Sekai Holland (MDC) early-month announced MDC opponents preparing for fresh violence at national elections (expected in 18 months), claimed 39,000 anti-MDC militiamen operating within and outside govt civil service. Hearings for 18-month constitutional review process started 24 June after parliament approved $36m budget 4 June; civil society groups still demanding more significant role in preparatory process. UN humanitarian coordinator for Zimbabwe Agostinho Zacarias 1 June launched revised CAP for Zimbabwe, expanded by 30% to $719m in humanitarian plus-type assistance; came amid spike in food insecurity and 100,000 cholera infection level. ICRC announced food distribution to 6,300 prisoners, amid reports of severe overcrowding, malnutrition and disease in prisons.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 Jun 2009
Political deadlock between coalition partners MDC and ZANU-PF on outstanding power-sharing issues, centred on dominance of ZANU-PF in security, financial and regional administration, continued. PM Tsvangirai (MDC) initially issued ultimatum for resolution of dispute by 8 May, but 17 May party statement called for issues to be referred to SADC and AU; at national party conference MDC 31 May demanded central bank governor Gono and attorney general resign. Inter-party standoff stoked 5 May by re-arrest of 17 rights activists and MDC supporters, fresh wave of farm invasions by ZANU-PF cadres. Divides within ZANU-PF increasingly apparent, with tense exchanges at 6 and 20 May party politburo meetings grounded in apparent succession struggle between factions led by General Solomon Mujuru and long-standing security chief Mnangagwa. ZAPU party after months of consolidating powerbase announced formal separation from ZANU-PF. IMF 6 May announced resumption of limited technical assistance, and World Bank 18 May a $22m grant, but stressed full financial aid conditional on country’s payment of significant arrears. Further contributions from regional states raised to $1bn pledges in credit lines by private and state African banks. USAID, WFP reported continued food shortages likely to be compounded by poor harvest.
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Comment by Sydney Masamvu and Donald Steinberg (Crisis Group), “If the World Hesitates, Zimbabwe Could Be Lost”, Huffington Post, 8 May 2009.
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For background, see Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°59, Zimbabwe: Engaging the Inclusive Government, 20 April 2009.
Zimbabwe
| 1 May 2009
Some reform progress but amid signs of severe strains within unity govt. Talks between party leaders over month failed to deliver progress on major stumbling blocks, including unilateral appointments by President Mugabe, ongoing farm seizures by ZANU-PF cadres; tensions fuelled 9 Apr by Mugabe’s impromptu move to shift telecommunications portfolio from MDC to ZANU-PF control. Govt early month announced broad-based, 100-day reform action plan, later replaced Zim dollar with foreign currency pending increase in industrial output; constitution-drafting committee announced 12 Apr but amid dissatisfaction from civil society leaders over inadequate consultation. Govt struggling to meet pledge to pay public sector salaries. Govt late month reported regional states pledged $400m in credit lines; western govts still cautious, including on calls for broad “humanitarian-plus” support. Fragility of security situation underscored by reports of renewed violence by security chiefs seeking to increase pressure for amnesties.
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Zimbabwe
| 1 May 2009
Talks on formation of unity govt remained deadlocked, while signs that President Mugabe preparing to appoint new govt without opposition MDC leader Tsvangirai mounted: Mugabe late month unilaterally sacked 12 cabinet ministers; state press 3 Jan reported new govt to be in place by mid-Feb. Late month talks between Mugabe and MDC faction leader Mutambara prompted speculation over possible alliance. Tsvangirai 19 Dec threatened to quit unity govt talks unless authorities release activists and MDC supporters detained in continuing state repression, earlier stressing range of political issues still unresolved. Several arrested for alleged coup plot appeared in court 29 Dec with visible signs of torture. Mugabe issued defiant statements claiming cholera epidemic “over” – despite continuing deaths – and at 20 Dec annual ZANU-PF conference pledging to “never surrender” Zimbabwe, in further tirade against foreign enemies. U.S. late Dec threatened to suspend all aid if Mugabe included in any power-sharing govt, called along with Australia, France for Mugabe to step down. South Africa’s President Motlanthe 13 Dec stopped short with call for speedy formation of govt. EU 8 Dec extended sanctions against Mugabe regime supporters with visa bans for further 11 Zimbabwean officials. Acute food shortages and rapid spread of cholera amid collapse of basic services, with over 1,500 killed by cholera in month and growing number of cases across country’s border.
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