CrisisWatch Search Results

President Rajapaksa re-elected 26 Jan with 57.8% of vote and overwhelming support from Sinhalese voters. Main challenger Sarath Fonseka, winner in Tamil and Muslim districts, accused govt of vote rigging, said will legally challenge result. International observers said voting largely free and fair, but rights groups said campaign period marked by misuse of state resources, media coverage favouring govt and physical intimidation of opposition. At least 4 killed, hundreds injured in pre-election violence across country; UNSG Ban 21 Jan expressed concern over “growing violence”. Rajapaksa 28 Jan said will dissolve parliament, call general election “soon”. Some 100,000 IDPs still in govt-run camps in north; tens of thousands recently released continue to face difficult conditions due to wide destruction of home districts in final months of war. Govt rejected 6 Jan UN investigation confirming authenticity of video made public July 2009 of SLA soldiers executing LTTE prisoners.

• Comment by Chris Patten (Crisis Group), “Sri Lanka’s Choice, and the World’s Responsibility”,
  International Herald Tribune, 13 Jan. 2010.
• “President Mahinda Rajapaksa wins Sri Lanka election”, Guardian, 27 Jan. 2010.

Thousands of IDPs left internment camps in north east during month after govt 1 Dec granted them freedom of movement; but rights groups warned many relocated to transit facilities, and govt monitoring of IDPs remains strict. Independent election monitors late month warned large numbers of northern Tamil voters displaced during civil war could be unable to vote in 26 Jan presidential elections due to difficulties in registration process; govt denied. UN 21 Dec asked govt to explain deaths of 3 LTTE leaders in May after ex-General Sarath Fonseka 12 Dec said govt ordered troops to kill them as they tried to surrender; Fonseka later retracted statement. EU 17 Dec announced will revoke GSP+ trade concession for Sri Lanka from Feb 2010 due to govt’s poor human rights record.

• “EU to suspend trade concessions to Sri Lanka”, AFP, 17 Dec. 2009.

Govt 21 Nov announced some 100,000 IDPs released from internment camps in north during month; said remaining 136,000 will have ”guaranteed freedom of movement” from 1 Dec, camps to close completely by Feb 2010. UN, rights groups welcomed announcement, humanitarian agencies privately expressed concerns about nature of resettlement: IDPs returned to areas not fully demined, without adequate provisions, infrastructure, or livelihood options; no independent monitoring and movements tightly controlled by military. Former army commander General Sarath Fonseka resigned 12 Nov, accused govt of sidelining him after civil war victory; Fonseka 29 Nov announced will stand as common opposition candidate against President Rajapaksa in 26 Jan 2010 presidential elections. Sri Lanka late month blocked from hosting 2011 Commonwealth summit due to poor human rights record.

• “Agencies raise concerns over IDP care once resettled”, IRIN, 23 Nov. 2009.

Govt 22 Oct announced release of 6,000 IDPs from internment camps in north, promised further 40,000 to be resettled over coming weeks; estimated 260,000 still detained. 22 Oct U.S. State Dept report highlighted possible govt, LTTE rebels war crimes during final months of civil war Jan-May 2009; OHCHR 23 Oct said independent war crimes inquiry “warranted”. EU to consult member states Nov on removing GSP+ trade concession for Sri Lanka after 19 Oct EC report found “significant shortcomings” in govt human rights record. UK govt 6 Oct said will withdraw all but emergency funding for camps after monsoon season, citing lack of free movement for IDPs and poor conditions in camps. Govt UPFA coalition won 68% of vote in 8 Oct Southern Province elections. Govt 13 Oct announced will hold parliamentary and early presidential elections before April 2010. Parliament 9 Oct approved 20% increase in military budget until end of 2009.

• “Plus and minuses”, Economist, 22 Oct. 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°172, Sri Lanka’s Judiciary: Politicised Courts, Compromised Rights, 30 June 2009.

UN delegation during mid-month visit expressed “strong concern” over slow resettlement process of some 280,000 IDPs held indefinitely in govt-run internment camps, lack of freedom in camps; President Rajapaksa 18 Sept reiterated plans to resettle “70-80%” of IDPs by end 2009. Govt 17 Sept admitted half of some 10,000 released from Menik Farm camp early month had been resettled in different camps. At least 3 refugees wounded trying to escape Menik Farm 27 Sept after govt troops opened fire. Late Aug jailing of anti-govt journalist J.S. Tissainayagam for 20 years drew widespread international criticism. 2nd instalment of US$2.6b IMF loan to be considered Oct after IMF 22 Sept said “satisfied” with Sri Lanka’s economic performance.

• “World leaders should demand end to detention camps”, Human Rights Watch, 22 Sept. 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°172, Sri Lanka’s Judiciary: Politicised Courts, Compromised Rights, 30 June 2009.

Impending monsoon season compounded fears over health situation for some 280,000 IDPs held indefinitely in overcrowded govt-run internment camps; at least 5 killed as many camps already flooded during month, destroying shelters, overflowing sewage systems, contaminating water supply. Govt rejected repeated aid organisations’ calls for release or quick resettlement of IDPs, said demining process in northeast and security screenings not complete. Pro-LTTE TNA party won majority in 8 Aug Vavuniya local council elections, came 2nd in Jaffna; govt criticised for banning media coverage of elections. Govt 7 Aug announced overseas arrest and rendition of new LTTE leader Selvarasa Pathmanathan.

• “Downpours flood the camps of Sri Lankan refugees”, New York Times, 15 Aug. 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°172, Sri Lanka’s Judiciary: Politicised Courts, Compromised Rights, 30 June 2009.

Growing concerns for some 280,000 displaced by govt-LTTE war and still held indefinitely in govt-run internment camps: reports suggest many detained suffer from malnutrition, have limited access to basic supplies, medicine. Govt 9 July urged international aid groups to “scale down” work after war’s end; ICRC said will end operations in Eastern Province. IMF 26 July approved US$2.6b loan to Sri Lanka; U.S., UK, others abstained from vote, highlighting international concerns over alleged govt human rights abuses during and after war; IMF said “aware of concerns”, but loan necessary to prevent “devastating” balance of payment crisis. In 22 July statement, LTTE named Selvarasa Pathmanathan new leader, said will transform rebels to “nonviolent resistance movement”.

• Comment by Robert Templer (Crisis Group), “War Without End”, International Herald Tribune, 21 July 2009.
• “Sri Lanka keeps refugees in camp that aid built”, AP, 18 July 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°172, Sri Lanka’s Judiciary: Politicised Courts, Compromised Rights, 30 June 2009.

Death toll from final weeks of govt-LTTE war in May still unclear: govt denied early-month media reports some 20,000 civilians killed, rejected UNSG Ban’s 5 June call for independent war crimes investigation. Some 280,000 who fled combat zone still held in tightly-controlled govt-run internment camps; UN humanitarian chief Holmes 19 June said UN now has full aid access to camps, but criticised lack of free movement for those held. Reports of poor conditions in camps: lack of adequate water, sanitation, food supplies, widespread disease; lack of registration lists has led to fears of “disappearances”. More than 10,000 held in unknown conditions in special detention centres for LTTE suspects or surrendered fighters, access highly restricted. Govt 25 June announced 8 Aug local elections in Jaffna and Vavuniya, first polls since defeat of LTTE; opposition parties complained of intimidation by pro-govt armed groups. Rights groups criticised govt’s mid-month closing of Presidential Commission of Inquiry into high-profile political killings during civil war without any published reports or announced prosecutions.

• “S Lanka camp young ‘malnourished’”, BBC, 26 June 2009.

After months of intense govt-LTTE fighting in northeast, LTTE rebels 17 May conceded defeat; govt declared decades-long civil war over, 19 May announced LTTE leader Prabhakaran killed. UN estimated some 7,000 killed, 10,000 injured since late Jan; thousands more likely killed in final weeks, no confirmation of death toll. Govt shelling of areas with high concentration of civilians continued until end; UN 11 May called army offensive “bloodbath”. Desperate humanitarian situation remains for 280,000 escaped civilians: govt put heavy restrictions on UN agencies, ICRC trying to provide aid in overcrowded IDP internment camps. Govt 21 May said plans to resettle most IDPs within 6 months despite signs many could remain in camps much longer. UNHCHR Pillay 15 May called for war crimes probe into govt conduct during war, President Rajapaksa rejected; UN Human Rights Council 27 May passed Colombo-drafted resolution ignoring calls for war crimes probe, improved access to IDPs. Govt 26 May rejected LTTE’s offer to enter democratic process; Rajapaksa in 19 May victory speech promised reconciliation with Tamil community.

• Comment by Alain Délétroz and Andrew Stroehlein (Crisis Group), “The EU’s Role in Securing Sri Lanka’s Peace”, European Voice, 20 May 2009.
• “U.N. demands access to civilians in Sri Lanka”, Reuters, 20 May 2009.
• “Some Tamils wary of Sri Lankan leader’s outreach”, Christian Science Monitor, 19 May 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°165, Development Assistance and Conflict in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Eastern Province, 16 April 2009.

Heavy LTTE-govt fighting continued in north east throughout month with disastrous consequences for trapped civilian population; strong risk of further deterioration as army’s final push on the LTTE continues. Govt 21 Apr assault on self-declared “no fire zone” triggered chaotic exodus of 100,000 civilians to govt-controlled territory. Conditions desperate for those who fled: relief agencies denied access to initial military screening centres, military unequipped to offer urgently-needed food, water, medical care; camps for displaced overwhelmed by new influx. At least 50,000 still trapped in war zone and at great risk as fighting continues. UN estimates some 6,500, including 1,000 children, killed since late Jan. Despite govt 27 Apr announcement that troops would no longer use airstrikes or heavy artillery, such attacks continued. Widespread international pressure on govt throughout month. 100,000s of Tamils worldwide demonstrated against govt offensive. Govt 27 Apr denied Sweden FM Carl Bildt entry on humanitarian mission, Sweden recalled ambassador in response.

• Comment by Robert Templer (Crisis Group), “Day of Reckoning in Sri Lanka”, Foreign Policy, 21 Apr. 2009.
• Statement by Crisis Group Board of Trustees, “Crisis in Sri Lanka”, 20 Apr. 2009.
• “How will Sri Lanka reconcile after a bitter war?”, Christian Science Monitor, 24 Apr. 2009.

Heavy govt-LTTE fighting in northeast continued, hundreds killed as LTTE launched counterattacks throughout month. Humanitarian situation remains desperate for some 150,000 civilians still trapped in region. Govt 5 March announced 2 safe routes for civilians; but govt shelling of declared safe zones continued, while LTTE reportedly forcibly recruiting civilians, killing many trying to flee. UN estimates more than 60 civilians killed per day, some 3,500 dead, 8,500 wounded since late-Jan. UNHCHR Navi Pillay 13 March accused both sides of committing war crimes. Govt 17 March rejected EU’s call for immediate ceasefire. Suspected LTTE suicide bombing in Akuressa 10 March killed 14, critically injured govt minister Wijesekara. PM Rajapaksa 9 March appointed ex-LTTE no. 2 “Karuna” as integration minister.

• Comment by Lakhdar Brahimi (Crisis Group), “A Slaughter Waiting to Happen”, International Herald Tribune, 20 March 2009.
• “U.N. rights official fears war crimes in Sri Lanka”, New York Times, 13 March 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°159, Sri Lanka’s Eastern Province: Land, Development, Conflict, 15 Oct. 2008.

Govt ignored calls for humanitarian pause in fighting and rejected 23 Feb offer by LTTE for ceasefire without laying down arms. Conditions for some 200,000 civilians trapped by fighting grew desperate, as govt offensive met with stiff LTTE resistance. Medical facilities, supplies virtually non-existent, food and water critically low; attacks even in govt-declared safe zone. Human Rights Watch estimated 2,000 dead, 5,000 wounded since early Jan fall of Killinochchi. Despite Tiger efforts to block civilians from fleeing area of fighting, some 35,000 succeeded in reaching govt camps in Vavuniya. UN humanitarian chief John Holmes expressed concerns over camp conditions after govt-led tour 20 Feb, urged respect for humanitarian law by both sides. SL govt 12 Feb rejected naming of special envoy by UK, former defence minister Des Browne. 28 killed, 90 wounded in LTTE suicide bombing 9 Feb near Vishvamadu as civilians were being screened by military; 2 LTTE aircraft shot down in Colombo air raid 20 Feb, 1 crashing into tax office, killing 2. 21 Sinhala farmers shot dead in eastern village by LTTE gunmen.

• “Sri Lanka closes in on last rebel stronghold”, Christian Science Monitor, 23 Feb. 2009.
• “War on the displaced”, Human Rights Watch, 19 Feb. 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°159, Sri Lanka’s Eastern Province: Land, Development, Conflict, 15 Oct. 2008.

Hundreds of civilians killed and more wounded as govt forces made decisive gains in northern Wanni region, capturing last remaining towns under LTTE control. Estimated 250,000 civilians trapped alongside LTTE in shrinking area of Mullaittivu district; situation could worsen further without effective relief operations. UN and ICRC condemned civilian deaths in govt-declared “safe zone”; appealed to LTTE to allow civilians to leave and to govt to permit unimpeded access to those who remain. Indian FM Mukherjee in 27 Jan visit to Colombo requested govt to respect safe areas and grant full access.

• “250,000 civilians said to be stuck in Sri Lanka war zone”, Washington Post, 29 Jan. 2009.
• “Tigers melt into jungle as last town falls”, Financial Times, 25 Jan. 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°159, Sri Lanka’s Eastern Province: Land, Development, Conflict, 15 Oct. 2008

Govt announced 2 Jan capture of de facto LTTE capital of Killinochchi after months of fierce fighting and heavy casualties; estimated 250-300,000 civilians displaced and trapped in shrinking area of LTTE control. Suicide attack on air force HQ 2 Jan killed 2, directly after President’s speech claiming “unparalleled victory” over Killinochchi. UNSG representative expressed “increasing concern” about the inadequate supplies of food, medicine, emergency shelter and sanitation materials for the displaced and called on govt to allow access for additional humanitarian relief and humanitarian personnel. Killings and disappearances continued in Eastern Province amid deepening divisions between TMVP factions.

• “Sri Lankan troops capture Tamil Tiger stronghold”, Financial Times, 2 Jan. 2009.
• “Sri Lankan army pushing for end to 25-year war against Tamil rebels”, New York Times, 5 Dec. 2008.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°159, Sri Lanka’s Eastern Province: Land, Development, Conflict, 15 Oct. 2008.

Military advances in north gave govt control of entire west coast, opening first land route into the Jaffna peninsula since mid-2006. Army remained on outskirts of LTTE de facto capital Kilinochchi despite intense efforts to gain control; both sides claimed heavy losses. Estimated 300,000 displaced in north: regular govt and UN convoys providing food, but shortage of shelter materials, inadequate medical supplies and staff, and lack of sanitation putting thousands at risk with onset of monsoon rains. Increasing attacks betwen Karuna and Pillayan factions of the TMVP and LTTE attacks on govt targets destabilising eastern province; 13 killed on 25 Nov alone.

• “High death toll in Kilinochchi battle”, Hindu, 25 Nov. 2008.
• “Sri Lanka army ‘takes rebel area’”, BBC, 20 Nov. 2008.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°159, Sri Lanka’s Eastern Province: Land, Development, Conflict, 15 Oct. 2008.

Fighting in Vanni yielded limited gains for govt forces as monsoon rains hindered advances on de facto LTTE capital Kilinochchi. Only 2 UN-sponsored convoys allowed into region since international NGOs and UN forced to withdraw in Sept; some other supplies channelled through govt, but conditions for 200,000 displaced remain dire. Strong statements from New Delhi called for greater protection of civilians, active pursuit of political solution. India 27 Oct announced 800 tonnes of food aid to north. Tensions between TMVP leaders Karuna and Pillayan intensified after Karuna joined parliament 7 Oct; related clashes broke out between their factions in east. LTTE launched 2 air attacks 29 Oct on oil tanks near Colombo, military base near Mannar; little damage reported.

• “Sri Lanka pushes war ahead despite Indian pressure”, Reuters, 21 Oct. 2008.

More than 200,000 displaced in northern Vanni region, as intense battles continued and military won back territory from LTTE. Govt 5 Sept called for withdrawal of all humanitarian agencies from Vanni, raising concern for civilian casualties. UN and other agencies now operating from Vavuniya, 50km south; only ICRC maintained right to operate in Vanni, though WFP 29 Sept said received permission to deliver food. Grenade attack 29 Sept on home of Transparency International country head after report criticising country. Govt ordered census of all Colombo residents arriving from northern districts in past 5 years, effectively targeting Tamils.

• “Military harassment threatens Sri Lanka’s oasis of peace”, Christian Science Monitor, 12 Sept. 2008.
• “UN ‘to relocate Sri Lanka staff’”, BBC, 9 Sept. 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka’s Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 Feb. 2008.

Govt gained further territory in north as forces neared de facto LTTE capital Killinochchi. Tens of thousands more displaced, with tight restrictions on humanitarian aid causing severe hardships. Govt won provincial council elections in North-Central and Sabaragamuwa provinces after campaign marred by assaults, shootings and widespread intimidation of opposition. After 5 months detention without charge, Tamil journalist J.S. Tissanayagam accused of publishing allegedly terrorism-supporting magazine. 44 injured in Colombo bombing 30 Aug.

• “Sri Lanka journalist denied bail”, BBC, 25 Aug. 2008.
• “Thousands flee homes in S Lanka”, BBC, 14 Aug. 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka’s Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 Feb. 2008.

Sri Lankan Army captured LTTE coastal base at Vidattaltivu 15 July, believed to be major logistics centre and port of entry for arms smuggled from India. Humanitarian situation in LTTE-controlled north worsened; tens of thousands newly displaced without adequate shelter, supplies. Army chief cited saying insurgency could last “forever”, despite earlier predictions of conventional defeat. Tigers offered limited ceasefire during SAARC summit 26 Jul-4 Aug, but govt dismissed. TMVP leader Karuna released from British jail and returned to Sri Lanka to recommence political work.

• “Sri Lanka military says captures key rebel camp”, Reuters, 20 July 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka’s Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 Feb. 2008.

Heavy fighting continued in north, with govt forces gaining new territory on Mannar, Vavuniya, Weli Oya fronts. 12 policemen killed in 16 June Vavuniya suicide bombing, while twin bus bombings 6 June, in Kandy and Colombo, killed some 20 and injured roughly 100. Disappearances and political killings – mostly of young Tamil men – on rise. Italian police reported arrest of 30 alleged members of LTTE for extortion, claimed dismantlement of Tigers’ fundraising network in Italy.

• “Italy holds 'Tamil Tiger' members”, BBC, 18 June 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka's Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 February 2008.

First elections in 2 decades in Eastern provinces held 10 May; ruling UPFA won 20 of 37 seats, but observers said poll marred by fraud and voter intimidation. Head of armed LTTE-splinter group, TMVP, Chandrakanthan named Eastern Province Chief Minister, despite protests from Muslim politicians post had been promised to a Muslim. Tensions between Muslims and Tamils turned violent after 22 May assassination of local TMVP leaders in Muslim town Kattankudy. TMVP blamed for retaliatory murder and abductions. Heavy govt-LTTE fighting continued throughout month; hundreds reportedly killed, mainly rebels, in northern clashes, as govt made some gains in territory. Suspected LTTE bombings continued; 11 civilians killed in Ampara blast day before elections, at least 9 in Colombo train blast 26 May.

• “Sri Lanka election called ‘mandate’ to defeat rebel Tamil Tigers”, Christian Science Monitor, 12 May 2008.
• “Fighting kills 73 in Sri Lanka, army takes rebel base”, Reuters, 1 May 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka’s Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 Feb. 2008.

150-200 govt soldiers reported killed, hundreds more wounded in fierce 23 Apr battle, as govt sought to breach LTTE forward defence lines at Muhamalai. Tigers admit 25 fighters dead, govt says more than 100. Army regained control of important Catholic Church and pilgrimage site in northern town of Madhu after months of fighting. Tigers, army each blamed other for blast that killed activist priest in LTTE-held Wanni region. Highways minister, 9 others killed in likely LTTE suicide explosion in Gampaha 6 Apr. 25 Apr bus bombing, also blamed on Tigers, killed 26 in Colombo suburb. Campaigning began for key eastern provincial council elections due 10 May.

• “Sri Lanka meets tough Tamil Tiger resistance in north”, Christian Science Monitor, 25 Apr. 2008.
• “‘Heavy losses’ in S Lanka clashes”, BBC, 23 Apr. 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka’s Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 Feb. 2008.

TMVP party, Tamil armed group nominally led by LTTE renegade Col. Karuna, won 70% of vote in 10 March local government elections in east, first to take place in more than a decade. Refusing to disarm and running in formal electoral alliance with government party, TMVP accused of intimidation, including forced recruitment of candidates; polls also marred by absence of candidates from main opposition parties, worried about security. In 16-18 March visit, EU troika raised “serious concerns” about reports of human rights abuses, said reconsidering trade preferences. Tamil National Alliance MP, K Sivanesan, killed 6 March in roadside attack on his car.

• “EU warns Sri Lanka trade depends on rights record”, Reuters, 19 Mar. 2008.
• “Ex-Tamil Tigers win local polls”, BBC, 11 Mar. 2008.
• “State responsibility for “disappearances” and abductions in Sri Lanka”, Human Rights Watch, 6 Mar. 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°146, Sri Lanka’s Return to War: Limiting the Damage, 20 Feb. 2008.

2 bombings on 4 Feb, 60th anniversary of country’s independence, came amid wave of attacks targeting civilians: 3 Feb suicide attack in Colombo train station killed 11, bus attack 2 Feb killed 18 in Dambulla. Red Cross said 13 Feb civilian casualties had reached “appalling levels”: 180 killed, nearly 270 injured since beginning of year. Meanwhile, army claimed heavy losses in intensified push against northern LTTE strongholds.

• “Civilian death toll reaching ‘appalling levels’”, IRIN, 18 Feb. 2008.
• “Not much to celebrate”, Economist, 7 Feb. 2008.

LTTE-government ceasefire formally ended 16 Jan; military operations intensified with heavy losses. Minister for nation building killed in mine attack 8 Jan near Colombo. 27 killed in 16 Jan ambush bus attack in south east blamed on Tigers, many shot while fleeing explosion; 17 killed in 29 Jan attack for which Tigers blamed army. SL’s biggest donor Japan said reviewing aid after ceasefire lapse. All Party Representative Committee, appointed by president in 2006, released interim devolution proposals 24 Jan calling for implementation of existing constitutional arrangements for provincial autonomy. Plan greeted with heavy scepticism; Colombo widely seen as intent on military solution.

• “Sri Lanka urged to devolve power”, BBC, 24 Jan. 2008.
• “Sri Lanka unveils peace plan; analysts lukewarm”, Reuters, 24 Jan. 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°141, Sri Lanka: Sinhala Nationalism and the Elusive Southern Consensus, 7 Nov. 2007.  

Reports 2 January that government formally withdrawing from ceasefire with LTTE rebels. Prominent Tamil MP and critic of government, T Maheswaran, shot dead in Colombo Hindu temple 1 January. Earlier in month, President Rajapakse vowed to wipe out terrorism before discussing political solution. Government gained new momentum after winning 14 December budget vote with backing of Sinhalese nationalist parties. Security forces rounded up thousands of Tamils following late November bomb attacks in Colombo; most released after public outcry. In continued fierce fighting, government forces won some new ground in north, claiming heavy LTTE losses. 16 killed in bus attack in Anuradhapura 6 December, widely attributed to LTTE. At least 4 killed in Colombo mine attack on military bus 2 January; LTTE denied involvement.

• “S.Lanka president may ban rebels if attacks go on”, Reuters, 17 Dec. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°141, Sri Lanka: Sinhala Nationalism and the Elusive Southern Consensus, 7 Nov. 2007.  

Government air strike 2 November killed S.P. Thamilchelvan, principal LTTE interlocutor with government and foreign envoys; Colombo hailed as legitimate strike against terrorist group and promised more targeted attacks on LTTE leadership, but Tamil community angered. LTTE leader V. Prabhakaran’s annual Heroes Day speech 27 November denounced government’s “war of genocide”. 2 bombings in Colombo next day killed 17. Government airstrikes in LTTE areas continued, along with sporadic but at times heavy fighting along Forward Defence Lines in Jaffna, Mannar and Vavuniya. Political instability continued in the south, with government’s ability to pass budget by year end still in doubt.

• “Deadly bomb attacks in Sri Lanka”, BBC, 28 Nov. 2007.
• “Senior Tamil Tiger leader killed”, BBC, 2 Nov. 2007.

Heavy losses incurred at Anuradhapura air base in 22 October LTTE combined air and ground raid; 20 rebel suicide cadres and 13 soldiers killed; at least 8 aircraft damaged or destroyed. 3 unusual LTTE attacks in south east, including ambush near Yala wildlife park, left 7 soldiers dead. Heavy fighting continued in north, especially near Vavuniya. UN human rights commissioner Louise Arbour called for monitoring mission after 5-day visit 15 October; government rejected. UN torture rapporteur raised alarm that torture “prone to become routine” in government’s counter-terrorism operations.

• “Rebels attack Sri Lanka air base”, BBC, 22 Oct. 2007.
• “Sri Lanka spurns calls for UN mission”, Financial Times, 15 Oct. 2007.
• “Fighting escalates in Sri Lanka”, Christian Science Monitor, 4 Oct. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°135, Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Crisis, 14 June 2007.

Fighting continued in north and intensified, as defence secretary announced government determination to defeat LTTE militarily before any political solution. Casualty figures varied, but heavy losses on both sides reported in Jaffna, Mannar and near Vavuniya. IIGEP team of international observers issued report blasting government commission inquiry into human rights violations; said it would likely fail to complete any cases before November mandate expiry.

• “Heavy fighting rages in Sri Lanka”, Hindu, 25 Sept. 2007.
• “Lanka abuse probe ‘set to fail’”, BBC, 19 Sept. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°135, Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Crisis, 14 June 2007.

Mid-month report by Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission noted shift in military operations from east to north, where violence increased near Jaffna peninsula. Heavy casualties reported in clashes between army and LTTE in north west end August, after weeks of steady fighting in Mannar. 3 suspected LTTE bombs defused near Buddhist pageant in central city Kandy 26 August. At tribute to 17 French aid workers shot 1 year ago in uninvestigated attack, UN humanitarian chief John Holmes called country worst in world for humanitarian workers; government condemned claims.

• "Heavy loss of life reported in fresh Sri Lanka violence", AFP, 1 Sept. 2007.
• "Sri Lanka anger at UN aid claims", BBC, 10 Aug. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°135, Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Crisis, 14 June 2007.

Fall of former LTTE stronghold Thoppigala 11 July marked government forces’ dominance over eastern part of country. LTTE forces continue to hold large parts of north, where new attacks on army forces continued in Mannar district and Jaffna. Apparent close of eastern front may prompt increased use of guerrilla attacks by LTTE on strategic targets. Karuna faction announced it had no intention to disarm, despite plans to compete in local government elections scheduled for eastern province in coming months.

• “Tamil Tiger eastern base ‘taken’”, BBC, 11 July 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°135, Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Crisis, 14 June 2007.

Government began expulsion to Vavuniya of 400 ethnic Tamils from Colombo 7 June, on suspicions of aiding LTTE plot bombings. Supreme Court blocked moves next day and half of those evicted immediately returned to capital. 2 Red Cross workers found dead outside Colombo after being picked up by men who claimed to be police. International panel (IIGEP) set up to monitor government’s Commission of Inquiry into human rights abuses issued first public report 11 June: criticised inclusion of attorney general as Commission counsel and absence of witness protection program. Fighting continued with limited gains by military on eastern front, where fiercest fighting concentrated in Thoppigala, site of LTTE stronghold. Dozens killed in fighting near Vavuniya, while naval battles continued off northern coast.

Government began expulsion to Vavuniya of 400 ethnic Tamils from Colombo 7 June, on suspicions of aiding LTTE plot bombings. Supreme Court blocked moves next day and half of those evicted immediately returned to capital. 2 Red Cross workers found dead outside Colombo after being picked up by men who claimed to be police. International panel (IIGEP) set up to monitor government’s Commission of Inquiry into human rights abuses issued first public report 11 June: criticised inclusion of attorney general as Commission counsel and absence of witness protection program. Fighting continued with limited gains by military on eastern front, where fiercest fighting concentrated in Thoppigala, site of LTTE stronghold. Dozens killed in fighting near Vavuniya, while naval battles continued off northern coast.

• “Questions remain on massacre in Sri Lanka”, New York Times, 24 June 2007.
• “Sri Lanka troops ‘kill 30 rebels’“, BBC, 20 June 2007.
• “Court blocks Sri Lanka’s effort to expel Tamils from capital”, New York Times, 9 June 2007.
• For background see Crisis Group Asia Report N°135, Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Crisis, 14 June 2007.

Fighting continued in north and east - dozens killed, primarily in continued government assault on rebel positions. LTTE rebels attacked naval base on Jaffna peninsula 24 May, killing at least 10 sailors. Maldives military sank Indian vessel reportedly hijacked by LTTE and took 5 prisoners south of Maldives archipelago 17 May in first direct involvement in conflict. LTTE suspected of 24 and 28 May bomb attacks in Colombo killing 9. Sri Lankan air force reportedly ordered 5 Russian Mig 29 fighter jets to combat new air threat from LTTE; Colombo’s civilian airport announced suspension of all further night flights. ICRC announced pull-back 23 May from front line in Vavuniya district, citing increased safety concerns for staff. UK declared will withhold half of promised debt relief until human rights and military spending concerns are addressed; U.S. also suspended some aid and urged Colombo to control paramilitaries.

• “Tamil rebels launch naval attack”, BBC, 24 May 2007.
• “Sri Lanka sinks into lawlessness”, AFP, 22 May 2007.
• “Tigers with wings”, Economist, 3 May 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°134, Sri Lanka’s Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire, 29 May 2007.

Scores of LTTE fighters and government troops killed in clashes in north and east throughout month. Fierce fighting reported on new Mannar front in north west. Further aerial attacks by LTTE increased fears of undetected attacks: 6 troops killed in attack on northern Palili air base 24 April, and though little damage reported after attack on oil facility near Colombo 29 April, airport closed briefly and some airlines withdrew flights. Defence Sec. Gotabhaya Rajapakse vowed to continue military offensive saying ceasefire had “no meaning”. Rebels maintained agreement only basis for future talks but current climate precluded negotiations. More than 30 killings reported in northern town of Vavuniya. Local and international rights groups said hundreds disappeared since January, expressed alarm at deteriorating press freedom including forced closure of newspapers. Colombo said unnamed diplomats interfering in local politics, threatened action. International Commission of Jurists criticised government investigation into killing of 17 aid workers August 2006 for bias and lack of transparency.

• “Tigers air attack rattles Colombo”, Financial Times, 30 Apr. 2007.
• “Top Sri Lankan defense official says cease-fire has 'no meaning'“, AP, 12 Apr. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°124, Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process, 28 Nov. 2006.

Fighting continued to spread in east and new front opened in north west (Mannar district) as government seized more rebel-controlled territory. Several dozen killed and hundreds wounded in gun battles and artillery fire. Tigers bombed military base adjacent to Colombo civilian airport 26 March in first-ever rebel air attack, and launched suicide attack on army camp in east. UNHCR warned of deepening crisis as massive displacement continued in east, where 40,000 fled from Batticaloa district in single week; 160,000 reported displaced in district in late March. Ruling SLFP party delayed submission of its proposals on political solution until April.

• “Sri Lankan separatists take fight to the air”, Christian Science Monitor, 28 Mar. 2007.
• “Food, shelter scarce in Sri Lanka war refugee exodus”, AlertNet, 15 Mar. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°124, Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process, 28 Nov. 2006.

5-year anniversary of severely compromised LTTE-Colombo ceasefire passed 22 February; government claimed commitment to negotiations despite ongoing military action while Sinhalese nationalists increased pressure to revoke agreement. Fighting reduced in east but included naval attacks that killed 23 rebels and LTTE mortar attack on high-level foreign delegation that injured Italian ambassador. Army claimed largest-ever haul of LTTE arms. Tamil priest who had blessed President Rajapakse shot dead 8 February, likely retribution by LTTE; rebels also reportedly intensified forced conscription in areas they control. UK Foreign Office secured Colombo approval for talks with LTTE as part of greater British mediation role.

• “No end in sight to Sri Lanka conflict”, BBC, 21 Feb. 2007.
• “Britain offers to talk with Sri Lanka Tamil Tigers”, Reuters, 15 Feb. 2007.
• “Sri Lanka: giving war a chance”, openDemocracy, 8 Feb. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°124, Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process, 28 Nov. 2006.

Fighting intensified in east, where government forces made major advances including capture of strategic town Vakarai 19 January, held by LTTE for 11 years. Over 30,000 fled region in month; UNHCR estimated 213,000 new IDPs since April 2006. 2 deadly LTTE bus bombings near Colombo killed over 20; attacks increasingly targeting civilians in apparent return to pre-ceasefire tactics. Police in Tamil Nadu (India) made large seizures of bomb materials believed bound for LTTE. Rebel bombing of police bus 31 January killed 12. Army offered amnesty to 17,000 deserters in attempt to boost forces. 18 opposition UNP parliamentarians joined government, undermining hopes of a government-opposition accord on the ethnic conflict. Donors warned Colombo continued military escalation would jeopardise aid.

• “Sri Lanka to rebels: Talk peace or face more war”, Reuters, 22 Jan. 2007.
• “Civil war haunts Sri Lanka again”, BBC, 20 Jan. 2007.
• “Sri Lanka takes key rebel town, death toll hits 376”, AFP, 19 Jan. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°124, Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process, 28 Nov. 2006.

Heavy fighting continued in east, displacing growing number of civilians. Army launched coordinated campaign against LTTE rebels near eastern port of Vaharai, seeking to seize wedge between LTTE strongholds in Batticaloa and Trincomalee. UN representative noted that indiscriminate fighting there by both sides violated "all fundamental rights" as attacks on civilians continued. Colombo stopped short of banning LTTE but reintroduced strict anti-terror measures dropped in 2002 peace talks, including detention without trial for up to 6 months and sharp curbs on press and assembly freedoms. Chief LTTE negotiator Anton Balasingham, perceived moderate with close links to rebel leader Prabhakaran, died of cancer 14 December in new blow to prospects for successful negotiation.

• “Flush us out at your peril, Sri Lanka rebels warn army”, AlertNet, 18 Dec. 2006.
• “Brain behind the Tigers’ brawn”, BBC, 14 Dec. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°124, Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process, 28 Nov. 2006.

War between LTTE rebels and government troops continued in parts of north and east in month of heavy fighting. No short-term prospect for negotiations as LTTE leader Prabhakaran declared ceasefire “defunct” 27 November and said group renewing “freedom struggle” seeking independent state. Land clashes intensified near Batticaloa, while army bombed Tamil targets, and naval battles continued off Trincomalee and Mannar peninsula. Influential Tamil MP Nadarajah Raviraj shot dead 10 November in blow to moderate Tamil politics. Humanitarian access extremely restricted with few aid corridors available. Government shelling attack on Vakarai refugee camp in east killed 45, as attacks on civilians by both sides continued.

• “Ceasefire over as Tamil Tigers’ leader calls for independence”, Guardian, 28 Nov. 2006.
• “Sri Lanka: the politics of purity”, openDemocracy, 17 Nov. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Asia Report N°124, Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process, 28 November 2006.

Violence between LTTE rebels and government continued to intensify amid heavy government losses. Over 1,000 reportedly killed since April. Government troops experienced setback in military offensive on Jaffna peninsula 11 October in attempt to clear rebels: over 130 troops killed and 400 wounded. LTTE suicide bombing on naval convoy in Habarana killed 100 sailors. Agreement between ruling SLFP and opposition UNP raised hopes of united stance on rebels, but LTTE-government talks in Geneva 28 October stalled over reopening of national highway that LTTE claimed necessary for getting humanitarian supplies to Jaffna. 3 days after talks ended, government bombed LTTE targets in Batticaloa.

• Sri Lanka to rebels: stop attacks and we'll open road, AlertNet, 31 Oct. 2006.
• “Sri Lanka sees peace talks stall”, New York Times, 30 Oct. 2006.
• “War again”, Economist, 19 Oct. 2006.

Heavy fighting between Tamil Tigers (LTTE) and government forces continued. Deadly naval battle off coast of Jaffna 2 September; military claimed it sank 11 Tiger boats and killed 80; government claimed similar LTTE losses after another battle 25 September north of Trincomalee. In first shift of territorial control since 2002 truce, government forces claimed town of Sampur, strategic entry point to Trincomalee harbour, and made gains in Muhamalai area at tip of Jaffna peninsula mid-month, where fighting cut off food supplies to Jaffna residents. SLMM monitoring mission said 200 civilians killed since 22 July. Colombo dismissed Norwegian mediators’ 12 September announcement both sides agreed to Oslo talks without preconditions, saying full cessation of hostilities strict prerequisite for talks.

• “Sri Lanka says sinks 11 rebel boats in naval clash”, AlertNet, 25 Sept. 2006.
• “Sri Lanka denies rebel talks deal”, BBC, 13 Sept. 2006.
• “Sri Lankan army’s strategic gain”, BBC, 4 Sept. 2006.

Security situation deteriorated with full-scale military clashes in eastern and northern regions. 200,000 displaced in areas of conflict and hundreds killed. Fighting engulfed predominantly Muslim town of Muttur, forcing 50,000 to flee; casualties included 17 workers of French NGO that Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM) later accused security forces of “assassinating”. Air force bombing in Mullaitivy district 14 August reportedly killed dozens of young students; government claimed training camp for young LTTE rebels. Fighting broke out in northern Jaffna peninsula 11 August. In Colombo, LTTE shot dead Tamil deputy head of government peace secretariat Kethesh Loganathan, 12 August. 7 killed in explosion near residence of President Rajapakse 14 August in LTTE attack suspected to have been aimed at Pakistan’s envoy amidst enhanced defence cooperation between Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Clashes over Mavilaru waterway in east continued, despite deal that saw LTTE lift 14 day blockade. Military reported at least 100 killed in operations in northeast Sampur area from 27 August. Monitors from EU states left 1 September after having been ordered out by LTTE in response to EU listing of group as terrorists.

• “Sri Lanka blamed in deaths of aid workers”, International Herald Tribune, 30 Aug. 2006. 
• “Sri Lanka army battles rebels in northeast”, AlertNet, 29 Aug. 2006.
• “Beyond euphemism”, The Economist, 17 Aug. 2006.

Government troops launched ground assault on LTTE 31 July in Trincomalee after 4 days of air strikes to gain control of waterway. Over 35 killed and risk of major escalation as LTTE considered moves “act of war”. Clashes and extra-judicial killings continued in north and east throughout month. Diplomatic efforts renewed late July but failed to calm situation. LTTE rejected call from Sweden to reconsider 1 September deadline for truce monitors from EU member states to leave following EU listing LTTE as terror organisation: Finland and Denmark announced departure of monitors. President Rajipaksa announced formation of committee of experts to discuss devolution in northeast, alongside all-party conference to examine constitutional approaches to conflict.

• “Senior S.Lanka rebel says war back on, 28 dead”, AlertNet, 31 July 2006.
• “S Lanka criticises monitors’ exit”, BBC, 29 July 2006.  
• “Tigers reject Swedish call to reconsider kicking out EU monitors”, ReliefWeb, 21 July 2006.

Violence continued to surge throughout north and east, risking escalation into full scale combat. Attacks included 15 June mine blast on bus carrying civilians in North Central Province, killing 64. Government blamed LTTE and launched retaliatory air strikes against rebel headquarters in Kilinochchi and positions in north and northeast. Catholic clergy blamed government forces for attack on church in Pesalai 17 June; 5 killed. LTTE suicide bomber killed third most senior army officer Major General Parami Kulathunge and 3 others 26 June. LTTE demanded removal of Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission monitors from Sweden, Denmark and Finland by early September in reaction to EU placing LTTE on terror list in May, but agreed to protect monitors in north.

• “Sri Lanka’s uncivil war”, Boston Globe, 29 June 2006.
• “Suicide attack kills Sri Lankan general”, The Guardian, 26 June 2006.
• Comment by Mahinda Rajapaksa, “Taming the Tigers”, Wall Street Journal Asia, 1 June 2006.

Security continued to deteriorate. Sri Lankan Monitoring Mission admitted “low-intensity war” and ruled government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) violated truce and security forces involved in extrajudicial retaliatory killings of Tamil civilians. Widespread violence included 11 May clash between navies killing 17 sailors and 50 LTTE. Rebels accused military of killing commander in Batticaloa. Attacks also targeted humanitarian workers: employee of Norwegian Refugee Council killed. Rebels and government agreed to talks in Norway to discuss security of peace monitors but LTTE insist not part of peace negotiations. Donor “Co-chairs” (Japan, U.S., EU, Norway) condemned both sides for deterioration. EU placed LTTE on terrorist list despite earlier rebel warning move would provoke “hardline individualist path”.

• “Co-chairs get tough with LTTE, Lanka”, Hindustan Times, 30 May 2006. 
• “Between peace and war”, openDemocracy, 15 May 2006.

Fears of return to full-scale civil war after major upsurge in violence left over 100 dead, and with both government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) threatening immediate retaliation for further attacks. Government launched air strikes against Tamil positions after suicide bomber injured army chief and killed 10 in Colombo 25 April. Bombing followed 2 weeks of violent attacks against civilians and inter-communal rioting between Sinhalese and Tamils. Before suicide bombing, LTTE had “indefinitely postponed” scheduled second round Geneva talks with government, citing violence against Tamil civilians and restrictions on movement of LTTE leaders.

• “Toll mounts as Sri Lanka’s peace falters”, The Guardian, 1 May 2006.
• “LTTE pulls out of Lanka peace talks”, Times of India, 20 Apr. 2006.

Initial calm after positive late February peace talks between Tamil Tigers (LTTE) and government gave way to further unrest. 10 killed in low-level violence, while LTTE denied involvement in 25 March attack on navy gunboat that killed 8. President Mahinda Rajapakse’s United People’s Freedom Alliance won overwhelming victory in local elections suggesting support for negotiations with LTTE. Next round of talks due 19-20 April but LTTE and government exchanged accusations of violating ceasefire: state of emergency renewed for another month. Norway announced replacement of peace envoy Erik Solheim with Jon Hanssen-Bauer.

• “Monitors warn gunboat sinking could return Sri Lanka to war”, Asia Pacific News, 27 Mar. 2006.
• “Violence down, but Sri Lanka extends state of emergency”, ReliefWeb, 21 Mar. 2006.

In significant step forward, government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, meeting in Geneva, released joint statement committing to curb violence and hold further talks in April. Violence decreased considerably in run-up to 22-23 February Norwegian-backed talks. Government freed 4 rebels as good-will gesture.

• “No more S.Lanka talks if pledges not met - rebel”, AlertNet, 28 Feb. 2006.
• “Deal could save Sri Lanka truce”, BBC, 24 Feb. 2006.
• “Significance of Geneva talks”, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 20 Feb. 2006.

Situation approaching outright civil war after deadliest month since 2002 ceasefire. Attacks on military killed at least 80; LTTE supporters claimed over 40 Tamils killed by security forces or gunmen since early December. Norwegian peace envoy Erik Solheim arrived 23 January in last-ditch effort to avert full-scale conflict: LTTE and government agreed to talks in Switzerland early February but killing of senior LTTE officer and abduction of 5 Tamil aid workers end January dampened optimism. Norway-led Monitoring Mission temporarily suspended in Trincomalee after grenade attack amidst escalation of violence.

• “Tigers threaten to pull out of peace talks”, The Guardian, 1 Feb. 2006.
• “Annan hails new talks, calls on both sides to observe ceasefire”, UN News, 25 Jan. 2006.
• “Truce and fiction”, The Economist , 12 Jan. 2006.

Surge in violence in north and east raised fears of return to full-scale civil war: at least 46 killed, including 26 soldiers in 3 separate Jaffna landmine blasts, 13 sailors in ambush in northwest, and pro-rebel MP at Christmas mass in Batticaloa. Military delayed retaliation against LTTE assault, hoping condemnation by foreign donors will pressure Tigers into returning to ceasefire. In policy shift, newly elected President Rajapakse invited Norway to continue observer role. Government formally invited Tigers to restart peace talks and agreed to LTTE demand talks be held overseas; Japan offered to host. Over 900 detained by police in 31 December security sweep of capital in search for suicide bombers.

• “Hundreds detained in Sri Lanka”, BBC, 31 Dec. 2005.
• “Sri Lanka’s Tigers on the loose”, Economist, 29 Dec. 2005.
• “Sri Lanka conflict goes ‘from bad to worse’”, International Herald Tribune, 27 Dec. 2005. 

PM Rajapakse, known for hard-line approach to Tamil Tiger rebels (LTTE), won 17 November presidential election with 50.3% of vote. Low turnout in Tamil areas due to internal LTTE divisions and reported intimidation of Tamils helped Rajapakse defeat Wickramasinghe, who pledged to uphold current peace agreement. 3 killed and 17 wounded in bomb and grenade attacks in east, but election-related violence generally lower than expected. LTTE leader Prabhakaran issued ultimatum to new government for political settlement within year. Rajapakse declared intention to re-negotiate peace deal and joint mechanism for aid distribution. New president named new cabinet 23 November; kept defence and finance portfolios, gave new PM Wickremanayake disaster relief.

• “Sri Lanka foes rattle sabers”, BBC, 28 Nov. 2005.
• “A polarized vote in Sri Lanka”, Asia Times Online, 23 Nov. 2005.
• “Rajapakse’s perilous victory”, The Economist, 18 Nov. 2005.

Norwegian peace envoy said government and Tamil Tigers (LTTE) engaged in “subversive war” threatening ceasefire. Security forces on alert for 17 November presidential polls. Government re-extended state of emergency 18 October that gives security forces powers to arrest suspects without warrants. LTTE said expanded powers could derail proposed peace talks. LTTE reportedly killed soldier and police officer 13/14 October. PM Mahinda Rajapakse launched presidential campaign; rejected LTTE demand for Tamil autonomy.

• “S.Lanka peace, economy hinge on coalition - ex-PM”, AlertNet, 29 Oct. 2005. 
• “EU warns Sri Lanka over elections”, BBC, 28 Oct. 2005.

Increased international attention on perilous ceasefire failed to halt violence in north and east. UNSG envoy Lakhdar Brahimi visited in attempt to keep peace process on track. LTTE rejected offer by Norwegian peace-brokers to hold talks at international airport. Government extended state of emergency for month. LTTE claimed 3 rebels killed in east by soldiers: army blamed LTTE faction. Military claimed LTTE shot dead Hindu priest in north 14 September; 2 ethnic Tamils, 1 Sinhalese killed in east 1 October. Presidential poll set for 17 November. Government/LTTE aid-sharing deal remained suspended by Supreme Court.

• “EU bans Tamil Tigers over murder”, BBC, 27 Sept. 2005.
• “Friends of Sri Lanka seek to bolster cease-fire”, ReliefWeb, 19 Sept. 2005.

In major setback to peace process, Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar, outspoken critic of Tamil Tiger rebels (LTTE), assassinated 12 August. Government declared state of emergency and launched massive manhunt for assassin. LTTE denied government accusations of involvement; agreed to hold first high-level talks with government since 2003 on implementation of stalled 2002 ceasefire agreement; sides yet to decide venue. Supreme Court declared second and final term of President Kumaratunga ends December, setting stage for new elections: PM Anura Bandaranaike to be candidate for ruling party - will face United National Party leader Ranil Wickramasinghe.

• “Court says Sri Lanka election due”, BBC, 26 Aug. 2005.
• “Sri Lanka president blames rebels”, CNN, 15 Aug. 2005.

Ceasefire between LTTE and government seriously at risk after escalating factional violence and mutual accusations. Tensions slightly reduced after government proposed new measures to ensure safety of LTTE cadres 25 July. LTTE rejected government offer to renegotiate Ceasefire Agreement. At least 6 security forces, 4 LTTE rebels, 1 civilian killed in separate incidents. Government blamed factional violence while LTTE blamed military supporting breakaway faction led by Karuna. LTTE removed all political officers from government areas - issued threat to resume military action and use own armed escorts in government areas - directly violating ceasefire. Joint mechanism for distribution of tsunami aid suspended by Supreme Court 15 July after action brought by nationalist People’s Liberation Front. 100,000 joined main opposition United National Party in Colombo demonstrations 12 July calling for new elections.

• “Norway in fresh bid to save Sri Lanka's peace process”, ReliefWeb (AFP), 29 July 2005.
• “LTTE rejects Govt proposal to renegotiate truce pact”, Hindustan Times, 27 July 2005.
• “Sri Lanka calm as govt, rebels negotiate security”, AlertNet, 25 July 2005.

Deal on joint aid distribution mechanism finally signed 6 months after tsunami: post-tsunami operation management structure (P-TOMS) - under which committees comprising rebels and government can recommend, prioritise and monitor projects funded by $3 billion in pledged foreign aid - signed 23 June. Deal sparked hopes of improved cooperation between Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and government but cemented political split between President Kumaratunga’s ruling People’s Alliance and coalition partner, leftist People’s Liberation Front, leaving Kumaratunga’s government with only 81 seats in 225-seat legislature. Chief of LTTE’s political wing welcomed deal, saying if implementation successful will “open the way for the peace process”. Tensions remained high however as 3 soldiers killed by suspected LTTE in eastern district of Batticaloa 30 June.

• “S.Lanka rebels warn truce in peril, issue ultimatum”, ReliefWeb, 30 June 2005.
• “Sri Lanka leader gambles on tsunami aid”, BBC, 27 June 2005.

Agreement on joint mechanism for aid distribution remained elusive despite President Kumaratunga’s pledge to prioritise deal. LTTE blamed Kumaratunga for delays. Government coalition partner, leftist People’s Liberation Front, maintained threat to pull out of government if joint mechanism goes ahead. LTTE reportedly killed senior army intelligence officer 31 May while factional violence continued.

• “Lankan president vows aid deal with Tigers”, The News, 30 May 2005.
• “End killings and abductions of Tamil civilians”, Human Rights Watch, 24 May 2005.
• “Sri Lankan rebel discovered dead”, BBC, 13 May 2005.

Norwegian peace envoy Erik Solheim continued efforts to bring sides towards deal on joint mechanism for aid distribution amid growing opposition from groups linked to government coalition partner Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna (JVP). LTTE insist mechanism in place before they consider wider talks for solution to conflict. Pro-LTTE Journalist Dharmaretnam Sivaram abducted and killed Colombo 29 April. LTTE factional violence continued with 5 rebels, belonging to breakaway group led by Karuna, killed 15 April.

• “Pro-Tamil Tiger editor shot dead”, BBC, 29 Apr. 2005. 
• “Sri Lanka warns Tigers against provoking troops, vow to 'protect peace'”, ReliefWeb, 22 Apr. 2005.
• “S.Lankan sides near to tsunami aid deal – mediator”, AlertNet, 19 Apr. 2005.  

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) factional fighting killed at least 17, hampering Norwegian peace and aid distribution efforts. Norway drafted joint mechanism between Colombo and LTTE to handle foreign tsunami aid; parties reportedly close to agreement.

• “Internecine killings unabated in Sri Lanka”, The Hindu, 27 Mar. 2005.
• “Sri Lanka close to sealing tsunami relief deal with Tamil rebels, says foreign minister”, Khaleej Times, 25 Mar. 2005.
• “Fresh fighting in Sri Lanka as Norway tries to move aid deal”, ReliefWeb (AFP), 21 Mar. 2005.

Peace process again under threat after early optimism aid talks would lead to enhanced government/Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) cooperation. Top LTTE political leader E Kaushalyan and 4 others killed 7 February (most senior Tiger killed since ceasefire began February 2002) - LTTE blamed killings on “paramilitary” forces. Government soldier subsequently killed on 3rd anniversary of ceasefire and top female LTTE leader attacked 1 March.

• “Concern over new Sri Lanka attack”, BBC, 1 Mar. 2005.
• “Sri Lanka says it has no time to haggle peace with tiger rebels”, New Karala, 26 Feb. 2005.
• “Sri Lankan truce 'under threat'”, BBC, 22 Feb. 2005.

After initial Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) accusations of government aid misappropriation, series of LTTE-government talks brought sides close to agreed mechanism for equitable distribution of tsunami relief. Although negotiations did not cover peace process, high-level Crisis Group sources advise of real confidence-building significance, with situation having moved considerable distance from “no peace, no war, no talks” status quo. Meanwhile, UNICEF and Human Rights Watch accused LTTE of recruiting tsunami orphans. Over 38,000 killed, 1 million displaced by 26 December tsunami.

• “Sri Lanka Tigers rule out peace talks stemming from tsunami aid effort”, Relief Web (AFP), 28 Jan. 2005.
• “Colombo, rebels try to seize the moment”, Globe and Mail, 24 Jan. 2005.
• “Sri Lankan rebels see ‘new perspectives’ after tsunami”, Reuters AlertNet, 22 Jan. 2005.
• “Still squabbling”, The Economist, 6 Jan. 2005.

Devastating 26 December tsunami killed estimated 30,000, mainly in disputed north and east. Longer term implications for conflict as yet unclear, but despite some reported attempts by LTTE to politicise aid delivery, early signs are of cooperation between government and LTTE, and return to open conflict seen as unthinkable in immediately foreseeable future. Pre-tsunami, Norwegian peace envoy Erik Solheim pessimistic after meeting head of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam political wing 15 December. Hardline Sinhala Marxist JVP party and coalition partner of President Chandrika Kumaratunga’s government main obstacle to talks with Tamil rebels on permanently ending civil war. Grenade attack at Colombo concert 12 December killed 2; LTTE denied responsibility.

• “On Sri Lankan coast, devastation and divisions”, International Herald Tribune, 1 Jan. 2004.
• “Fears rise for Sri Lanka peace process as Norway fails to end deadlock”, Reuters AlertNet, 17 Dec. 2004.
• “Talking with Tigers”, The Guardian, 17 Dec. 2004.

Situation remains fragile as Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) leader Velupillai Prabhakaran said he had “reached the limits of patience”. Sinhala and Tamil communities clashed Trincomalee after 28 November grenade attack on bus left 1 dead; LTTE denied responsibility. Despite high-level visit by Norwegian foreign minister Jan Petersen, efforts to restart talks between President Kumaratunga’s government and LTTE failed. Kumaratunga reiterated her government’s principles for finding solution: “a united Sri Lanka, undivided, human rights to be guaranteed, political pluralism.” Chief LTTE peace negotiator Anton Balasingham said solution with present government impossible. LTTE insist talks be based on their blueprint for self-rule. High court judge Sarath Ambeypitia, responsible for 2002 sentencing of LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran to 200 years prison, shot dead with bodyguard 19 November.

• “Sri Lanka rebel threat seen as pressure tactic”, Reuters AlertNet, 29 Nov. 2004.
• “Sri Lanka attack raises tension”, BBC, 29 Nov. 2004.
• “Cry the beloved Sri Lanka”, Asia Times Online, 18 Nov. 2004.

Peace process remained stalled and sporadic factional violence continued. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) repeated position that talks can go forward only on basis of Interim Self-Governing Authority plan. Breakaway LTTE leader V. Muralitharan, a.k.a. Karuna, reportedly launched new political movement, Tamil Eelam Peoples Liberation Tigers party, 12 October. President Kumaratunga inaugurated National Advisory Council for Peace and Reconciliation 4 October as all-party forum for peace process, boycotted by opposition parties and dismissed by LTTE as time-wasting tactic. Opposition United National Party led by former PM Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated possibility of conditional support for government should they initiate peace talks with LTTE.

• “S.Lanka says has new plan for peace with Tigers”, Reuters AlertNet, 28 Oct. 2004.
• “Fresh diplomatic push to salvage Sri Lanka talks”, South Asia Monitor (AFP), 24 Oct. 2004.
• “Tigers reject Sri Lanka's new plan to end peace deadlock”, Asia Pacific News (AFP), 18 Oct. 2004.
• “As good as it gets?”, The Economist, 14 Oct. 2004.
• “Breakaway Tamil Tiger launches political party”, Reuters AlertNet, 12 Oct. 2004.

Factional violence worsened as latest Norwegian attempts to rekindle peace process failed. Brother of breakaway rebel leader V. Muralitharan, a.k.a. Karuna, killed with 3 others 23 September; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) denied responsibility. At least 12 LTTE rebels killed in 25, 28 September factional clashes. Eelam People's Democratic Party (EPDP) protestors left coffin containing remains of EPDP politician Thambithurai Sivakumar at Norwegian embassy gate 20 September, demanding action from Norwegian mediators.

• “Bloody Tamil in-fighting escalates in Sri Lanka”, South Asia Monitor, 28 Sept. 2004.
• “Sri Lanka says Tamil Tiger killings undermine peace bid”, South Asia Monitor (AFP), 24 Sept. 2004.
• “Angry Sri Lankans leave body at Norway embassy”, Reuters AlertNet, 20 Sept. 2004.

Risk of escalation in violence remains as politically motivated killings continued. Top Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) politician, along with senior member of Eelam People’s Democratic Party allied with President Chandrika Kumaratunga, among those assassinated. Ceasefire remained hostage to split within LTTE: northern leadership accuses military intelligence of supporting breakaway rebel leader V. Muralitharan, a.k.a. Karuna, in attacks against northern-based LTTE rebels. President Kumaratunga stepped down as leader of ruling United People’s Freedom Alliance (while remaining president), reportedly to spend more time on peace process with LTTE. Talks resumed: Norwegian envoy Eric Solheim met LTTE negotiator 31 August; LTTE leaders and military to meet 3 September to discuss security situation.

• “Norwegians meet Tigers in London”, BBC, 31 Aug. 2004.
• “Killing spree dims Sri Lanka peace hopes, foreign concern mounts”, Channel News Asia (AFP), 22 Aug. 2004.
• “Sri Lankan violence triggered by rift in Tamil camp”, ISN, 17 Aug. 2004.

Tension increased as violence erupted in capital. February 2002 ceasefire increasingly fragile following 8 July Colombo suicide bombing, which killed 4 police officers. Attack reportedly aimed at Hindu Affairs Minister Douglas Devananda, who had publicly said was in contact with breakaway rebel leader V. Muralitharan, aka Karuna. Tamil Tigers (LTTE) denied responsibility for bombing, but warned that Sri Lankan military connections with Karuna jeopardising peace process. Eight Karuna aides killed in Colombo safe house 25 July. Almost daily killings of Karuna supporters continued in eastern province. LTTE leaders renewed calls for their October 2003 proposal for Interim Self Governing Authority to be basis for restart of peace talks. In surprise move President Kumaratunga indicated she would hold talks on LTTE proposal but coalition partner, leftist People’s Liberation Front, threatened to pull out of government. Talks unlikely to resume until feud over rebel split resolved. Norwegian mediation efforts unsuccessful to date.

•  “Tigers accuse Sri Lanka of gearing for war as peace hits rock bottom”, AFP, 1 Aug. 2004.
• “Norway fears for Sri Lanka peace”, BBC, 26 July 2004.
• “Five killed as woman suicide bomber shatters Sri Lanka truce”, Asia Pacific News, 8 July 2004.

Peace process remained stalled. 2002 ceasefire between Tamil Tigers (LTTE) and government at risk as latter admitted elements of military unofficially supported breakaway LTTE rebel commander V. Muralitharan, aka Karuna. LTTE political wing leader S.P. Thamilselvan told Norwegian envoy Erik Solheim 30 June peace process would not go forward. President Kumaratunga’s government 5 seats short of simple majority, unable to press ahead with legislative agenda.

• “Tigers refuse talks with military”, BBC, 28 June 2004.
• “Minister says army helped Karuna”, BBC, 24 June 2004.
• “Long limbo for S.Lanka peace, but war seen remote”, Reuters AlertNet, 22 June 2004.
• “A return to turmoil”, Frontline (The Hindu), Vol. 21, Issue 13, 19 June 2004.

After months of political turmoil peace process remains stalled. Norwegian envoy Erik Solheim met with government, Tamil Tigers (LTTE) and President Kumaratunga, but no date set to restart talks. New government wants to discuss final settlement to end war, while LTTE want their Interim Self-Governing Authority Proposal, submitted in October 2003, to be implemented before talks begin. People's Liberation Front (JVP) opposes devolution of power to LTTE, controls over third of minority government's seats. Sporadic violence continued in northeast killing at least 15. Tamil leader Karuna still on run after splitting from main rebel group in March.

• “Norway peace envoy to leave Sri Lanka empty-handed”, Reuters AlertNet, 28 May 2004.
• “Aid donors add pressure to renew Sri Lanka peace bid”, Reuters AlertNet, 25 May 2004.
• “New snags hold up Sri Lanka peace talks”, South Asia Monitor, 23 May 2004.

President Kumaratunga's United Peoples Freedom Alliance (UPFA) emerged 8 seats short of absolute majority in 2 April parliamentary elections. Veteran politician Mahinda Rajapakse appointed PM. Ministries of defence (incl. responsibility for peace process), constitutional affairs and education retained by Kumaratunga. Early stand-off between government and new coalition partner, leftist People's Liberation Front (JVP), resolved. JVP hold 39 of 105 seats won by UPFA in 2 April polls. Government reportedly going ahead with proposals to replace presidential system of government with parliamentary one, and change electoral system - despite losing key post of speaker of parliament by single vote. Norway to resume mediator role; delegation scheduled to meet Kumaratunga 2 May, and leader of LTTE political wing, Sinniah Paramu Tamilselvan, 3 May. Violent clashes between breakaway rebel commander Karuna's forces and main LTTE killed at least 9; Karuna since disappeared. Further fighting 26 April killed 7. Over 1,000 child soldiers reportedly released or demobilised in April. Argument between Sinhalese and Tamils became full-scale riot 28 April in Central region.

• "Sri Lanka's tea region under curfew after ethnic riot", Reuters AlertNet, 29 Apr. 2004.
• "Norway minister to go to S. Lanka for peace bid", Reuters AlertNet, 27 Apr. 2004.
• "Sri Lanka vote on speaker is defeat for government", International Herald Tribune (AP), 23 Apr. 2004.
• "Peace, reforms may hinge on new S. Lanka parliament", Reuters AlertNet, 20 Apr. 2004.

Country braced for 2 April general election violence following President Kumaratunga and PM Wickremesinghe feud. Split between Tamil commanders added to tensions. Eastern Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) leader Karuna (V. Muralitharan) accused LTTE leadership of discriminating against Tamils in east – dismissed by northern leadership 6 March. Karuna controls approx. 6,000 fighters compared to 11,000 for LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. Tamil National Alliance (TNA) candidate and supporter of Karuna shot dead, leading government to deploy troops as precaution. Norwegian peace envoy Erik Solheim reviewed Oslo-arranged truce 15 March. Both Prabhakaran and Karuna said they would abide by it. Kumaratunga pledged to abolish the presidency should her United People’s Freedom Alliance win power, with her assuming prime minister’s position. Also indicated she would remain defence minister, one of 3 ministries she took control of in November, regardless of election outcome.

• “Troops deployed after Sri Lanka vote killings”, AFP, 31 Mar. 2004.
• “A vote that could prove dangerous”, International Herald Tribune, 30 Mar. 2004.
• “Sri Lanka Tiger rebels threaten breakaway leader”, Reuters AlertNet, 26 Mar. 2004.
• “Peace broker Norway to keep out of crisis within Tamil Tigers”, South Asia Monitor, 11 Mar. 2004.

Political stalemate ended 7 February with President Kumaratunga calling elections for 2 April, almost 4 years ahead of schedule. Government condemned move as undemocratic. President also sacked 39 junior ministers to prevent them using positions to campaign. Tamil Tigers (LTTE) expressed concern over president’s alliance partner, Marxist People's Liberation Front (JVP), who called current ceasefire national security threat. LTTE not to contest election but pledged support for moderate Tamil National Alliance (TNA). Tamil candidate campaigning to represent Prime Minister Wickremesinghe's party shot dead 1 March. Development aid pledged at Tokyo conference last year conditional on progress of peace talks.

• “Monks, Marxists at centre of S.Lanka election race”, Reuters AlertNet, 23 Feb. 2004.
• “Donors unhappy with Sri Lanka”, BBC, 19 Feb. 2004.
• “Sri Lanka opens election process”, BBC, 17 Feb. 2004.
• “Here we go again”, The Economist (subscription), 12 Feb. 2004.

Feud between President Kumaratunga and PM Wickremesinghe continued with both sides intransigent over control of defence ministry. Sri Lankan government demanded 9 January Kumaratunga renegotiate ceasefire with Tamils or give up security portfolio appropriated in November. Kumaratunga claimed she could keep office 1 year longer than expected, until 2006, due to early investiture and second secret inauguration ceremony: claim rejected by government. Snap elections possible as Kumaratunga’s Sri Lanka Freedom Party (in opposition) signed alliance with Marxist People’s Liberation Front (JVP), Sri Lanka’s third largest party, creating The United People’s Freedom Alliance. JVP opposed to devolution of power to minority Tamils. Tamil Tigers (LTTE) continued to warn that peace process under threat. Norway replaced leader of monitoring mission whom Kumaratunga had accused of anti-government bias. Delegation from LTTE travelled to Norway for talks 28 January.

• “No end in sight to Sri Lankan political feud”, Reuters AlertNet, 29 Jan. 2004.
• “Norway put on notice as Sri Lanka president cuts deal with leftist party”, AFP, 21 Jan. 2004.
• “Sri Lankan president casts pall over peace talks”, Christian Science Monitor, 21 Jan. 2004.

Political crisis between PM Wickremesinghe and President Kumaratunga continues to disrupt peace process; self-imposed 15 December deadline passed with no resolution to standoff. Wickremesinghe refused to continue peace negotiations with LTTE (Tamil Tigers) without control of security functions, currently in hands of Kumaratunga following latter’s 4 November dismissal of defence, interior, and information ministers and appropriation of their portfolios. Situation unlikely to change before parliament reconvenes in new year. Snap election a possibility.

• “Stalemate continues in Sri Lanka”, The Hindu, 15 Dec. 2003.
• “S.Lanka leaders vow to talk on as deadline passes”, Reuters AlertNet, 15 Dec. 2003.

Ceasefire holding but peace process also on hold as country paralysed by political crisis. Days after LTTE (Tamil Tigers) finally presented power-sharing proposal to government, President Kumaratunga suspended parliament, took control of defence, interior and media ministries and deployed troops to guard government buildings 4 November. Move read by many as attempt to undermine PM Wickremesinghe who president has criticised for compromising security by conceding too much to rebels. Norway suspended mediation efforts until crisis resolved. Agreement reached 18 November in meeting between PM and president to form peace committee to work out mechanics of power-sharing. PM offered broader role for president in peace process; she responded by setting 15 December deadline for resolution of stand-off, offered deal on sharing defence responsibilities which Wickremesinghe then rejected. Talk of snap election if stand-off not resolved by mid-December. EU envoy, Chris Patten, met Kumaratunga, Wickremesinghe and, controversially, LTTE chief, Prabhakaran, on trip planned before political crisis.

• “Sri Lanka protests over EU envoy”, BBC, 25 Nov. 2003.
• “Sri Lanka Parliament reopens to uproar, budget”, Reuters AlertNet, 19 Nov. 2003.

LTTE (Tamil Tigers) meeting took place in Ireland between 10-15 October to consider government proposal of power-sharing body for north and east – LTTE presented counter-proposal to government 31 October. Document outlines ethnically representative interim assembly for five-year period followed by referendum on new constitution. Preliminary meeting planned for November and formal negotiations to recommence early 2004.

• “A historic document: LTTE”, The Hindu, 31 Oct. 2003.
• “Protest at Sri Lanka peace process”, BBC, 24 Oct. 2003.

LTTE (Tamil Tigers) pulled out of Japanese-led aid talks on 10 September. Row between Sri Lankan president and prime minister over conduct of negotiations could threaten efforts to end 20-year conflict.

• “LTTE counter proposals by mid-October”, The Hindu, 19 September 2003.
• “Strain grows between Sri Lanka president, PM”, Reuters AlertNet, 19 September 2003.

Security situation relatively stable since signing of February 2002 ceasefire, but political killings increasing in north and east. Government has said it will send troops to area. LTTE (Tamil Tigers) suspended direct peace talks in April, claiming not enough being done to rehabilitate war-torn Tamil areas. Government has proposed limited autonomy for majority Tamil areas; rebels are working on counter-proposal.

• “Sri Lanka President warns of threats to peace process”, Reuters AlertNet, 20 August 2003.
• Human Rights Watch briefing, “Sri Lanka: Political killings during the ceasefire”, 7 August 2003.