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Public prosecutor 12 Jan declared proposed law allowing referendum on possible 3rd term for President Uribe constitutional; Constitutional Court’s decisive ruling expected Feb, leaving little time for arranging referendum before 30 May presidential elections. Colombian court during month released 38 soldiers accused of extrajudicial killings; UNHCHR, rights groups highly critical. FARC 5 Jan admitted Dec kidnapping, murder of Caquetá governor Luis Fernando Cuellar. Govt 4 Jan said more than 2,600 FARC, ELN insurgents deserted during 2009.

• Comment by Markus Schultze-Kraft (Crisis Group), “South America’s Power Puzzle”, ISN, 7 Jan. 2010.
• “Calendario de infarto”, Semana, 16 Jan. 2010.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°31, Uribe’s Possible Third Term and Conflict Resolution in Colombia, 18 Dec. 2009.

Govt accused FARC rebels of 22-23 Dec kidnapping, murder of Caquetá department governor Luis Fernando Cuellar. FARC and ELN rebel groups 16 Dec announced will unite against Uribe govt, declare mutual ceasefire. Army 16 Dec killed 10 FARC rebels, including influential commander “Danilo”, in Antioquia dept bombing; 1 Jan killed 25 rebels in Meta dept attack. Uncertainty over May presidential elections continued as Uribe failed to declare own candidacy by 30 Nov constitutional deadline; Uribe supporters claimed deadline not applicable given continuing constitutional ban on his 2nd re-election. Late Nov NGO report claimed FARC attacks up 25% during 2009, paramilitary groups now number 11,000 combatants; govt rejected as “biased and inaccurate”. Relations with Caracas further strained.

• “La seguridad colombiana, en duda”, El País, 4 Dec. 2009.

Tensions with Venezuela escalated throughout month (see Venezuela). 9 soldiers killed in 9 Nov FARC attack on army base in Cauca department, largest FARC attack of 2009; govt deployed further 2,500 troops to Cauca in response. In blow to bid for referendum on constitutional change to allow possible 3rd term for President Uribe, group of associate judges called upon by National Electoral Council 12 Nov declared signatures and funding supporting referendum initiative invalid; Constitutional Court to make final decision early 2010 on whether to hold referendum. Govt 4 Nov made text of military base deal with U.S. public: controversy in South America over the fact that text does not explicitly assure that bases will only be used for operations inside Colombia.

• “Referendo reeleccionista queda sin piso legal”, Semana, 12 Nov. 2009.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°21, The Virtuous Twins: Protecting Human Rights and Improving Security in Colombia, 25 May 2009.

Constitutional Court 23 Oct said will likely not rule until Jan 2010 on whether to permit referendum on extending presidential term limit; opinion polls indicate referendum likely to pass if held, leading to possible third term for President Uribe. Main opposition Liberal and PDA parties early month said will seek coalition against Uribe camp in 2010 elections. Attorney general 19 Oct reopened investigation into VP Santos’ alleged ties to paramilitary groups; Santos rejected charges. Attorney general 20 Oct issued arrest warrants for 15 soldiers accused of “false positives” extrajudicial killings; hundreds further under investigation. Govt 1 Oct said some 40 FARC rebels killed in 30 Sept army bombardment of FARC camp in Tolima department. FARC 18 Oct killed 2 local councilmen in Sumataz region; 4 Oct started “armed strike” in Arauca department, blocking roads and local infrastructure. Govt 30 Oct finalised controversial deal allowing U.S. to use Colombian military bases to fight narcotrafficking.

• “Colombia court sees re-election ruling next year”, Reuters, 23 Oct. 2009.

• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°21, The Virtuous Twins: Protecting Human Rights and Improving Security in Colombia, 25 May 2009.

House of Representatives 2 Sept approved by 1-vote margin bill to hold referendum on whether to allow President Uribe to run for 3rd term May 2010; bill still has to pass Constitutional Court. Police 2 Sept captured influential FARC commander and mine expert Alberto Chaparro; FARC has increased landmine use considerably 2008-9. Govt 18 Sept announced closure of secret police (DAS) by end 2009, to be replaced by new civilian intelligence agency; DAS had earlier been accused of spying on judges, journalists, opposition. Uribe 19 Sept said would accept FARC release of 24 remaining high-profile hostages gradually, reversing demand all released simultaneously. Venezuela, Ecuador again criticised Colombia-U.S. military base deal at mid-month UNASUR summit.

• “Closer to Uribe 3.0”, Economist, 3 Sept. 2009.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°21, The Virtuous Twins: Protecting Human Rights and Improving Security in Colombia, 25 May 2009.

Govt 18 Aug signed preliminary agreement with U.S. over controversial military base deal allowing U.S. to use at least 7 bases for 10 years to fight narcotrafficking; deal heavily criticised by govts across Latin America, including Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, for increasing regional tension and failure to consult in advance. 15 soldiers sentenced to 30 years in prison 1 Aug for “false positives” extrajudicial killings, where civilians killed to inflate statistics on deaths of left-wing rebels and right-wing paramilitaries. Senate 20 Aug approved referendum on whether to allow Uribe to run for 2nd re-election May 2010; House of Representatives 27 Aug postponed vote on bill to 1 Sept, if approved has to pass Constitutional Court. Army killed at least 17 FARC rebels in 4 Aug airstrike on Meta department FARC camp. 12 Awa indigenous people killed 27 Aug in Nariño department, govt said unclear if by FARC or right-wing paramilitaries, rejected reports army responsible.

• “Colombia cierra el pacto militar con EE UU, pese a las reticencias regionales”, El País, 16 Aug. 2009.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°21, The Virtuous Twins: Protecting Human Rights and Improving Security in Colombia, 25 May 2009.

Govt to give U.S. access to at least 3 military bases in Colombia from Nov for next 10 years, final agreement expected early Aug; critics say could infringe on Colombia’s sovereignty, increase regional tension. President Uribe 7 July authorised opposition senator Piedad Córdoba to negotiate release of 24 remaining high-profile hostages held by FARC rebels; FARC 18 July said will unilaterally release 2 soldiers, but further releases have to be part of hostages-for-prisoners swap. Army late July killed 29 FARC rebels in Meta department, part of renewed effort to capture FARC number 2 “Mono Jojoy”. Relations with Andean neighbours worsened (see Ecuador, Venezuela).

• “From the guerrilla’s mouth”, Economist, 23 July 2009.
• “Autorizan a Córdoba a recibir liberados”, BBC, 8 July 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°21, The Virtuous Twins: Protecting Human Rights and Improving Security in Colombia, 25 May 2009.

Govt-judiciary relations deteriorated further: Supreme Court (SC) early month sentenced 2 ex-congressmen to prison for accepting govt favours in return for supporting law allowing President Uribe to run for re-election in 2006. SC opened investigation into 86 congressmen over irregularities in Dec 2008 Congress vote; pro-Uribe lawmakers criticised investigation as politicised, said could delay legislative process over referendum on whether to allow Uribe to run for 2nd re-election May 2010. UN Special Rapporteur 18 June said army extrajudicial killings “systematic”, widely practiced; full report expected Oct-Nov. 25 FARC rebels, 7 police killed in 22 June Cauca department clash. UN report 19 June stated Colombian coca crops dropped 18% and potential cocaine production 28%.

• “El pulso de Uribe con la justicia estanca el referéndum por su reelección”, El Pais, 20 June 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°21, The Virtuous Twins: Protecting Human Rights and Improving Security in Colombia, 25 May 2009.

Senate 19 May approved referendum on whether to allow President Uribe to run for possible 2nd re-election in May 2010 presidential poll; referendum likely in Oct or Nov if law approved by Congress, Constitutional Court. Uribe yet to make definite statement on whether he will run, but 22 May said seeking 3rd term would be “inappropriate”. Defence Minister Juan Manuel Santos resigned 19 May, said will stand in presidential elections if Uribe does not run. Public prosecutor 15 May announced investigation into possible govt involvement in DAS (secret police) illegal wiretappings. Suspected FARC rebel attack 9 May killed 7 soldiers in Nariño department. Attorney general investigating over 1,000 cases involving extrajudicial killings by military; many where army personnel accused of killing civilians to inflate statistics on deaths of left-wing rebels and right-wing paramilitaries.

• “Álvaro Uribe, otra vez?”, openDemocracy, 29 May 2009.

FARC 16 Apr announced will release army corporal Pablo Moncayo, held captive for 11 years. President Uribe 1 Apr said open to dialogue with FARC if rebels cease all “criminal activities” and agree to verifiable ceasefire for 4 months; latter demand supported by Venezuela President Chávez 14 Apr. FARC late March dropped demand for demilitarised zone as precondition for talks over hostages-for-prisoners swap. 8 soldiers killed by FARC in La Guajira department 29 Apr; Venezuela govt 30 Apr said will assist in capturing rebels who fled across Venezuelan border. Senate 17 Apr approved law on referendum over allowing Uribe possible 3rd re-election in 2010; yet to be approved by Congress, Constitutional Court.

• “El referendo y sus incertidumbres”, Infolatam, 20 Apr. 2009.
• “Uribe propone cese de hostilidades”, BBC, 5 Apr. 2009.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°30, Ending Colombia’s FARC Conflict: Dealing the Right Card, 26 March 2009.

Govt 3 March announced army killed top FARC commander “Gaitán” in Feb clash. 5 soldiers killed in suspected FARC explosion 7 March in Cundinamarca department; 4 soldiers, 2 rebels killed in 24 March Guaviare department clash. Suspected FARC urban attacks continued: 7 March pipeline bombing cut off water supply to 300,000 Villavicencio residents. FARC mid-month launched “armed strike” in several departments; increased attacks on public transportation and road infrastructure. FARC released last foreign hostage, held since 2007. To encourage FARC desertions, govt 5 March asked for suspension of arrest warrants for 2 influential deserting rebel commanders. President Uribe 8 March ordered army to step up fight against new illegal armed groups (NIAGs), likely in response to NIAGs recent expansion, increased violence against civilians.

• Commentary by Markus Schultze-Kraft (Crisis Group), FARC en 2009: “¿Renacimiento político ‘inducido’ como oportunidad para la resolución del conflicto?”, UN Periódico, 8 March 2009.
• “In strategic shift, Colombia’s FARC targets cities”, Christian Science Monitor, 17 March 2009.

FARC rebels unilaterally released 2 hostages on 3, 5 Feb, both ex-politicians; in addition to 4 hostages released 1 Feb. FARC expressed hope that “gesture” would open hostages-for-prisoners swaps with govt; President Uribe 12 Feb rejected, ordered army to increase military hostage rescue efforts. Rebels still hold 22 hostages for possible swap, and estimated 700 for extortive purposes. Wave of suspected FARC attacks continued: 6 soldiers killed in Bolívar department 9 Feb; 3 soldiers, 4 civilians in Norte de Santander department 12 Feb; 2 civilians in 1 Feb Cali blast. FARC further accused of killing 27 Awa indigenous people in 2 separate Feb massacres; rebels 17 Feb admitted killing 8. Army in 28 Feb Cundinamarca department clash killed 10 FARC rebels, captured 8, including influential leader “El Negro Antonio”. Attorney general and public prosecutor 22 Feb ordered investigation of DAS (secret police) following allegations of wiretapping of journalists, opposition members; Uribe 26 Feb cancelled all DAS wiretapping.

• “Death in the Indian reservation”, Semana, 20 Feb. 2009.
• “Colombia’s Uribe hardens line on freeing hostages”, Reuters, 13 Feb. 2009.

2 killed in 28 Jan Bogotá bombing, FARC rebels suspected; earlier 4 killed, 11 injured in 13 Jan suspected FARC attack in Nariño department. FARC 1 Feb unilaterally released 4 hostages, as promised Dec 2008; 2 further, including ex-senator, to be released early Feb. President Uribe early month authorised opposition senator Piedad Córdoba and Vatican to mediate liberation. 3 FARC members deserted separately with hostages in Jan, likely in response to govt’s Oct offer of freedom from prosecution and economic compensation for FARC deserters who liberate high-profile hostages. Tensions growing within ruling pro-Uribe coalition over president’s possible 2010 re-election. Further 11 army officers dismissed 23 Jan, suspected of extrajudicial killings. Despite recent tense relations, Uribe 25 Jan met Venezuela President Chávez and agreed increased economic cooperation in face of financial crisis.

• “The FARC: Why are they freeing their hostages?”, Semana, 1 Feb. 2009.
• “Colombia y el ‘efecto Isaza’”, BBC, 14 Jan. 2009.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°29, Correcting Course: Victims and the Justice and Peace Law in Colombia, 30 Oct. 2008.

8 police killed in 5 Dec suspected ELN rebel attack in Arauca province; govt late month announced major U.S.-backed 2009 offensive against ELN. FARC 21 Dec announced unilateral release of 6 hostages, including ex-senator, to lay basis for hostages-for-prisoners talks with govt; President Uribe 22 Dec ruled out involvement of foreign govts in hostage negotiations. Congress 18 Dec preliminarily passed bill on constitutional reform referendum allowing Uribe to run again in 2014 but not 2010: debate to continue when Congress re-convenes March 2009.

• “Uribe, lejos del tercer mandato consecutivo”, AFP, 18 Dec. 2008.
• “Anuncian ofensiva contra el ELN”, BBC, 17 Dec. 2008.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°29, Correcting Course: Victims and the Justice and Peace Law in Colombia, 30 Oct. 2008.

Army Commander General Mario Montoya resigned 4 Nov over Oct dismissal of 26 army personnel suspected of killing 11 civilians; further 13 officers dismissed 17 Nov on similar charges. UN 1 Nov said army extrajudicial killings “widespread and systematic”; attorney general currently investigating more than 1550 cases. 2 killed, 12 injured in 30 Nov FARC attack in Putumayo department; rebels 28 Oct said still open to hostages-for-prisoners swap in open letter to Colombian intellectuals. U.S. govt report 5 Nov stated “Plan Colombia” has failed to reduce coca cultivation.

• “Uribe tropieza con la guerra sucia”, El País, 17 Nov. 2008.
• “Colombia aid failed to halve drug making, report finds”, New York Times, 5 Nov. 2008.
• For latest report, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°29, Correcting Course: Victims and the Justice and Peace Law in Colombia, 30 Oct. 2008.

Army 26 Oct rescued ex-Congressman Oscar Lizcano after he escaped from FARC captivity. FARC suspected in several urban bombings throughout month: 1 killed in 13 Oct Neiva blast. Govt 30 Oct dismissed 2 generals, 24 soldiers suspected of killing 11 civilians to inflate army statistics on left-wing rebels killed; investigation opened. President Uribe 10 Oct declared “state of internal disorder” after judicial workers’ strike stalled court proceedings across country; 45-day strike ended 15 Oct after govt yielded to salary demands. 12,000 indigenous people in late-month Cali protest demanding land; 3 killed in clashes with police. Congress 29 Oct rejected constitutional amendment allowing Uribe to stand for 2010 re-election.

• “Colombia fires 20 army officers over civilian deaths”, Los Angeles Times, 30 Oct. 2008.
• “Colombian army frees Farc hostage”, BBC, 26 Oct. 2008.

Army 22 Sept killed 8 FARC rebels, including influential commander Aicardo “El Paisa” Agudelo. 5 killed, 26 wounded in 1 Sept Cali bombing, govt blamed FARC; raised fears over increased FARC attacks on urban centres as several other minor explosions during month. 3mn signatures submitted 10 Sept supporting constitutional amendment to allow President Uribe second re-election in 2010; Uribe 11 Sept hinted will not stand, yet to make definite statement.

• “El Ejército colombiano mata a ‘El Paisa’”, El País, 23 Sept. 2008.
• “Colombia’s Uribe signals he will not run in 2010”, Reuters, 11 Sept. 2008.

15 Aug blast in north western town Ituango killed 7, wounded 17: FARC suspected. Govt-Supreme Court tensions further increased over “parapolitics” investigations. 3 members of congress detained for paramilitary links released during month, including Mario Uribe, president’s cousin and key ally. 29 remain detained, further 38 under investigation. ICC prosecutor Moreno-Ocampo visited Colombia 25-27 Aug, confirmed ongoing analysis of domestic proceedings and alleged crimes. 5m signatures submitted 11 Aug supporting constitutional amendment to allow President Uribe second re-election; Uribe yet to comment.

• “Uribe se enfrenta a la Corte Suprema”, BBC, 25 Aug. 2008.
• “Colombia’s Uribe mulls re-election, but will he run?”, Reuters, 22 Aug. 2008.

In significant blow to FARC, Colombian army 2 July rescued former presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt, 14 other hostages. Former Cuban President Castro 5 July urged FARC to release all hostages. Estimated 4m demonstrated 20 July in Colombia and worldwide against kidnappings. FARC 5 July called for continued hostages-for-prisoners swap; 16 July rejected any negotiation with President Uribe, despite govt statement 13 July would forgo mediators, seek direct contact with FARC. Diplomatic and commercial relations with Venezuela – strained since March airstrike – reestablished after Uribe met Venezuela President Chávez 11 July. Colombia 20 July joined Brazilian-led South American Defence Council. Uribe 18 July said would not call referendum to validate 2006 re-election, as previously threatened, after constitutional court 2 July ruled 2004 constitutional amendment permitting re-election legal. Main coalition party head Carlos Garcia arrested 25 July, suspected of ties to paramilitaries.

• Comment by Andrew Stroehlein (Crisis Group), “Medellín: Revival and Risk”, openDemocracy, 8 July 2008.
• “Backslaps and smiles as warring neighbours kiss and make up”, Guardian, 13 July 2008.
• “Colombia: a miraculous rescue, and what comes next”, openDemocracy, 7 July 2008.
• For background, see Latin America Briefing N°17, Making Military Progress Pay Off, 29 Apr. 2008.

Venezuela President Chávez 8 June urged FARC to end armed struggle, release all hostages. Ecuador President Correa echoed call 13 June; 2 govt-backed European mediators seeking hostage talks late June with FARC. Following death of top FARC commander “Tirofijo”, announced in May, ELN called for guerilla alliance. Bogotá, Quito pledged 6 June to resume limited diplomatic ties, suspended since March airstrike. Effort broke down 24 June with sides trading accusations. Pressure increasing on President Uribe after Supreme Court 26 June condemned former congresswoman Yidis Medina for accepting bribes before 2004 constitutional amendment vote permitting Uribe’s re-election; Uribe criticised court, called for referendum on re-run of 2006 presidential poll. FARC suspected in Bogotá bomb attacks 9, 10 June and attacks 22, 23 June that forced closure of Caño Limon-Covenas oil pipeline.

• “Colombia delays restoring Ecuador diplomatic ties”, Reuters, 24 June 2008.
• “Chavez’s call for FARC disarmament takes Washington by surprise”, AlterNet, 11 June 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°17, Colombia: Making Military Progress Pay Off, 29 April 2008.

FARC 25 May confirmed top commander Manuel “Tirofijo” Marulanda died of heart attack 26 March; Alfonso Cano named as successor 26 May. Influential commander “Karina” surrendered 18 May. Govt mid-May disclosed additional documents on Raúl Reyes computer seized after March airstrike; claimed showed links between FARC and Venezuelan govt, to lesser extent Ecuadorian govt. Documents suggest possible Caracas financing, logistics support in black market weapons negotiations. Interpol 16 May verified documents had not been tampered with by Colombia. Congressional panel 28 May opened investigation of President Uribe after former congresswoman Yidis Medina claimed offered political favours in return for vote for 2004 constitutional amendment. Govt 13 May extradited 14 former paramilitary leaders to U.S.

• Comment by Mark Schneider (Crisis Group), “Rethink the fight against cocaine”, Christian Science Monitor, 23 May 2008.
• “Death of mythic guerrilla commander confirmed in Colombia”, International Herald Tribune, 26 May 2008.
• “Las FARC crean células clandestinas para su expansión internacional”, El Pais, 11 May 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°17, Colombia: Making Military Progress Pay Off, 29 Apr. 2008.

Tensions with Ecuador remained high following March airstrike as President Uribe and Ecuadorian President Correa traded snipes. Bogotá accused Quito of ordering army to avoid confrontation with FARC. Correa denied accusation, said 16 Apr any FARC incursion on Ecuadorian territory treated as act of war; announced new deployments on border. OAS missions sought to defuse tensions in capitals 8, 17 Apr. Correa offered to grant belligerency status to FARC if abides by law of war and releases hostages 23 Apr. Colombia protested, stated recognition of “terrorist groups” unfounded. Mario Uribe, key ally and cousin of president, arrested over alleged ties to paramilitary groups 22 Apr; request for asylum in Costa Rica rejected. 3 further congresspeople detained early month for suspected paramilitary links. Proposed hostage exchange collapsed after FARC rejected 8 Apr French mission and again demanded demilitarisation of area.

• “Colombia/Ecuador: olla a presión”, BBC, 17 Apr. 2008.
• “Colombia: who are the enemies of peace and democracy?”, openDemocracy, 9 Apr. 2008.

Colombian airstrike 1 March on FARC camp in Ecuadorian territory sparked regional crisis; at least 20 suspected insurgents killed including FARC number 2 Raul Reyes. Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua cut diplomatic ties; Quito and Caracas sent troops to Colombian borders. Tensions eased at 7 March Rio Group summit: President Uribe said would not repeat actions, apologised to Ecuadorian President Correa, but Quito “deeply concerned” after confirmation Ecuadorian killed in raid; announced 31 March it had sued Colombia in ICJ over cross-border drug crop fumigation, a day after Colombia said Ecuadorian helicopter breached its airspace. OAS resolution 17 March criticised airstrike for violating charter-defined sovereignty rights, reiterated members’ commitment to combat criminal, armed non-state groups. Bogotá alleged Reyes’s computers showed rebel links to Caracas, Quito and FARC seeking “dirty bomb”; authorities found 30kg depleted uranium near Bogotá 26 March. Government to pay $2.5m reward after second member of FARC secretariat Ivan Rios killed early March by bodyguard. Progress towards hostage exchange: Uribe signed decree 27 March authorising exchange of FARC prisoners for hostages after reports Ingrid Betancourt seriously ill; France said would take in freed prisoners.

• “Colombia offers Farc hostage deal”, BBC, 28 Mar. 2008.
• “Colombia ‘seizes Farc uranium’”, Al Jazeera, 27 Mar. 2008.

Hostage release issue continued to dominate: FARC released 4 former politicians held hostage 27 Feb but concern grew over health of Ingrid Betancourt. Venezuelan President Chávez pushed for greater international mediation, while FARC rejected earlier proposal for involvement of Spain, Catholic Church. More than 1m marched worldwide in protests against FARC 4 Feb; government support of protests drew criticism, independent protest against all parties to country’s violence planned for 6 March. FARC number 2 Raul Reyes killed 1 March by army. Norte del Valle cartel leader Wilber Varela shot dead in Venezuela 1 Feb, reportedly by associates. Supreme Court justices indicted former DAS (secret police) director Jorge Noguera for allowing paramilitary infiltration. 15 soldiers convicted 18 Feb for murder of 10 elite anti-narcotics policemen in Valle del Cauca in May 2006. U.S. froze assets of former paramilitary leader Carlos “Macaco” Jimenez. Over 2,000 farmers clashed with police near Medellin 19-23 Feb in protest against coca eradication program.

• “Top FARC leader killed by troops”, BBC, 1 Mar. 2008.
• “Fears grow for Farc sick hostage”, BBC, 28 Feb. 2008.

FARC freed hostages Clara Rojas and Consuelo Gonzalez 11 Jan after Dec liberation attempt failed when third “hostage”, Rojas’s son Emmanuel, found in foster care in Bogotá. Venezuelan President Chávez helped broker release, called on removal of FARC, National Liberation Army (ELN) from terrorist lists: rejected by Colombian government, EU and U.S. Uribe ordered military prepare for blockade of FARC hostage camps. FARC kidnapped 6 on Pacific coast 14 Jan. U.S. court sentenced Ricardo Palmera, most senior FARC leader extradited to U.S., to 60 years in prison 28 Jan. Security forces captured ELN commander Carlos “Pablito” Marin 8 Jan, fierce opponent of peace process, and leader of “Aguilas Negras” armed group 12 Jan. 4 police killed in FARC assassination attempt on Arauquita mayor 26 Jan in first such political attack in 2008.

• “Colombia orders blockade of rebel hostage camps”, Reuters, 26 Jan. 2008.
• “Colombian rebels free hostages”, Guardian, 10 Jan. 2008.
• “Colombia captures chief ELN rebel opposed to peace”, Reuters, 8 Jan. 2008.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°16, Colombia: Moving Forward with the ELN?, 11 Oct. 2007.

Venezuela President Hugo Chavez helped broker deal for release of 3 hostages held by FARC. But Venezuelan rescue operation collapsed when FARC claimed 31 December security conditions not met; exact reasons unclear. FARC had rejected earlier proposal by President Alvaro Uribe for 30-day “zone of encounter” to facilitate negotiations towards broader hostage swap. Several countries offered assistance. French President Sarkozy appealed directly to FARC head Manuel Marulanda 6 December to release hostages; Paris offered 19 December to accept FARC rebels freed in any exchange. OAS said paramilitary threat remains despite demobilisation process; Colombian security forces arrested alleged leader of “Los Nevados” New Illegal Armed Group (NIAG) John Mario Osorio 17 December. Uribe-coalition Congressman jailed for paramilitary links 19 December.

• “Colombia hostage deal fiasco bad news for captives”, Reuters, 1 Jan. 2008.
• “Colombia OKs Venezuelan role in hostage release”, LA Times, 27 Dec. 2007.
• “Colombian right-wing ‘paras’ still a threat – OAS”, Reuters, 12 Dec. 2007.

Move by President Uribe to end further mediation with FARC rebels by Venezuela President Hugo Chávez’s killed short-term prospects for hostages’ release and froze Bogotá-Caracas relations. Uribe criticised latter for breaking protocol by speaking directly to Colombian army commander and having expansionist ambitions. Police released videos 30 November showing several hostages alive, including U.S. contractors and French politician Ingrid Betancourt; France said it would redouble efforts for her release. ELN rebels agreed to restart Havana peace talks on 15 December.

• “Hostage hopes fade as Colombia sacks negotiator Chávez”, Guardian, 23 Nov. 2007.
• “Colombia seizes videotapes of hostages“, AP, 30 Nov. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°16, Colombia: Moving Forward with the ELN?, 11 Oct. 2007.

President Alvaro Uribe’s cousin Mario Uribe resigned from Congress 5 October to avoid Supreme Court investigations into “parapolitics” scandal. Supreme Court accused Uribe of obstructing justice in case by alleging bribery of paramilitary witnesses testifying against him. Violence before 28 October local elections killed 4 in 22-24 October attacks. Senior FARC commander ‘Martin Caballero’ killed along with at least 18 other rebels in fighting with armed forces 24 October. Meetings between FARC and Venezuela President Chávez postponed due to “logistics”. Regional elections carried out with relative calm 28 October despite warnings by ombudsman of threat of violence.

• “Muere en un bombardeo Martín Caballero, un “mito de las FARC”, El País, 26 Oct. 2007.
• “Colombian high court accuses Uribe of obstruction”, Reuters, 9 Oct. 2007.
• “Uribe ally quits Colombia Senate”, BBC, 5 Oct. 2007.

2 significant victories in war on drug cartels: 10 September arrest of Diego Montoya, leader of Norte del Valle cartel, after years of evading capture and 1 September killing of FARC commander “El Negro Acacio” in air raid. Venezuela President Chávez to meet FARC emissary Raul Reyes in Venezuela 8 October to advance hostage swap agenda; President Uribe ruled out use of Colombian territory for meeting.

• “Colombian drug lords toppled”, Christian Science Monitor, 13 Sept. 2007.
• “Can Chávez free FARC hostages?”, Christian Science Monitor, 6 Sept. 2007.
• Comment by Mark L. Schneider (Crisis Group), “Reintegrating Colombia’s Killers”, Orlando Sentinel, 9 Sept. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°20, Colombia’s New Armed Groups, 10 May 2007.

Little movement on FARC-government hostage swap: FARC rejected President Uribe’s offer for 90-day “zone of encounter” to follow FARC hostage release and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez’s offer of exchange in Venezuela. Chavez-Uribe meeting 31 August decided Chavez to invite FARC for negotiations in Venezuela; rebels yet to respond. UN said 500 displaced by fighting in Narino province over border with Ecuador. No agreement reached in new round of ELN-government talks in Havana 20-25 August.

• "Colombia asks Chavez to mediate with rebels", Scotsman, 31 Aug. 2007. 
• "Colombia FARC says won’t free hostages in Venezuela", Reuters, 26 Aug. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°20, Colombia’s New Armed Groups, 10 May 2007.

Peace marches around country 5 July attracted reported 5 million people after FARC said late June it killed 11 provincial deputies held hostage since 2002. President Uribe repeated opposition to demilitarised zone for hostage swap with FARC. Talks with ELN resumed 18 July but stalled over issues of ceasefire and ending hostilities; next round of talks expected late August. Former paramilitary commanders “Jorge 40” and “Don Berna” gave confessions under terms of Justice and Peace Law but threatened to withdraw from process when Supreme Court ruled out prosecution on political rather than criminal charges.

• “El jefe paramilitar Jorge 40, procesado por una matanza de 38 civiles en una aldea de Colombia”, El País, 18 July 2007.
• “Colombia rebels ‘killed hostages’”, BBC, 28 June 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°20, Colombia’s New Armed Groups, 10 May 2007

Government released some 150 FARC prisoners including FARC “foreign minister” Rodrigo Granda. French President Sarkozy requested Granda’s release in hopes of hostage swap to include former Colombian presidential candidate and dual French-Colombian citizen Íngrid Betancourt. FARC said killed 11 deputies in failed hostage rescue 18 June; government denied any attempt. Standoff continued between FARC and government on demilitarisation of Florida and Pradera (key FARC demand). Government blamed FARC for 9 bombs in Buenaventura that killed 3; army retaliated killing at least 7 in La Julia; air force bombed Meta, at least 30 dead. ELN negotiator said group would consider hostage release if ceasefire signed with government in Havana talks due early July.

• “Released Farc man leaves Colombia”, BBC, 19 June 2007.
• “FARC rebel release: ‘smokescreen’ or ‘humanitarian’?”, Christian Science Monitor, 7 June 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°20, Colombia’s New Armed Groups, 10 May 2007.

President Alvaro Uribe said will unilaterally release 300 FARC guerrillas in hopes of reciprocal liberation of hostages; FARC called move “smokescreen” and reiterated demilitarisation of Florida and Pradera municipalities prerequisite for hostages/prisoner swap negotiations, but up to 300 guerrilas have reportedly accepted. While armed forces announced killing of 18 guerrilla fighters in 4 separate incidents 20 May, attacks by FARC killed 22 soldiers and police in month. Reports of possible French role in negotiation as 1 senator said release of Ingrid Betancourt “imminent”. Head of National Police, chief of police intelligence agency, and 10 other police generals sacked 14 May after media leaked reports of series of illegal tapping operations. Taps showed imprisoned paramilitary commanders running outside criminal operations under lax conditions; other taps targeted politicians and journalists.

• “Ingrid Betancourt espera un gesto de las FARC”, El País, 1 Jun. 2007.
• “Algo huele raro”, Semana, 19 May 2007.
• Comment by Markus Schultze-Kraft, “El lado oscuro de la desmovilización paramilitar”, El Tiempo, 30 Apr. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°20, Colombia’s New Armed Groups, 10 May 2007.

ELN rebels agreed “experimental” ceasefire with Bogotá 18 April after negotiations in Cuba, but details unclear. Leading human rights activist Judy Vergara Correa murdered in Medellín, allegedly in response to campaign against criminal activity by local demobilised paramilitaries. Parapolitics scandal continued to widen: opposition Senator Gustavo Petro accused President Uribe of authorising local militias when governor of Antioquia in mid-1990s. In signs of growing concern in Washington, U.S. Senate subcommittee froze $55 million in aid, former vice-president Al Gore refused to appear with Uribe at Miami climate change conference. Government alleged FARC responsible for explosion in Cali police headquarters, possible sign of strategic return to targeting urban centres; FARC denied involvement.

• “Colombia backs ELN ceasefire plan”, BBC, 18 Apr. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, 20 Oct. 2006.

“Parapolitics” scandal spread to highest ranks as leaked CIA intelligence alleged collaboration between army chief Mario Montoya and right-wing paramilitaries; Bogotá denied allegations. FARC agreed to meet with 7 U.S. members of Congress seeking release of 61 FARC hostages, but reasserted demilitarisation of Pradera and Florida remains prerequisite to hostage negotiation. Talks between government and ELN resumed 3 March but parties agreed not to make any public declarations. 18 died early in month during confrontations between Colombian Army and FARC in Meta.

• “‘Não é hora de conflitos’: entreviste com Raul Reyes”, Isto É, 28 Mar. 2007.
• “Colombia army chief linked to outlaw militias”, LA Times, 25 Mar. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, 20 Oct. 2006.

Talks with FARC over hostage-prisoner exchange continued to stall. President Uribe said 23 February willing to reopen direct talks with FARC and authorised relatives of those abducted to negotiate directly with rebels. But rebels rejected negotiations without government troop withdrawal from Florida and Pradera municipalities. Talks with ELN, given greater impetus by recent clashes between ELN and FARC in Arauca, Cauca and Nariño, reopened in Havana 25 February in bid to move towards peace accord negotiations. Fallout from government-paramilitary links scandal continued: FM Consuelo Araújo resigned 20 February after brother and 5 other politicians arrested for connections to paramilitary kidnapping case, and ex-spy-chief Jorge Noguera arrested on charges of murder and collaboration with ex-paramilitary chief “Jorge 40”.

• “Ni Gobierno ni Farc ceden frente a acuerdo humanitario”, El Tiempo, 24 Feb. 2007.
• “Descubren plan de guerra de las Farc para los próximos cuatro años”, El Tiempo, 22 Feb. 2007.
• “Foreign Minister of Colombia quits in scandal”, New York Times, 19 Feb. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, 20 Oct. 2006.

6-year FARC hostage and former government minister Fernando Araujo freed in course of military action 5 January in blow to FARC bargaining power on long-discussed hostage swap; FARC attacks continued with 5 police killed in Putumayo 14 January. Former paramilitary leader Salvatore Mancuso admitted in trial to orchestrating more than 300 murders and named government figures who sought paramilitary backing for 2001 campaigns. President Uribe agreed to joint mechanism with OAS supervision of coca crops along Colombia’s border with Ecuador after recent dispute over aerial spraying.

• “Un nuevo capítulo en el escándalo de la ‘parapolítica’ colombiana”, El País, 26 Jan. 2007.
• “Colombian government is ensnared in a paramilitary scandal”, New York Times, 21 Jan. 2007.
• “El documento secreto de Ralito”, El Tiempo, 18 Jan. 2007.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, 20 Oct. 2006.

Investigations into members of congress’ support of paramiltaries continued and accusations of President Uribe’s support in 90s examined. Salvatore Mancuso became first paramilitary leader to testify before special tribunal on paramilitary involvement in civilian deaths 19 December, despite reported death threats. 4 demobilised paramilitaries also due to testify assassinated. Army suffered further losses in fighting with FARC: 17 killed in attack 1 December in Norte de Santander, and 15 killed in Meta province attack 24 December. After government signalled possible resumption of talks, FARC demanded troop withdrawal from Florida and Pradera, areas government deems arms and drug trafficking routes.

• “Los paramilitares colombianos denuncian su exterminio”, El Pais, 30 Dec. 2006.
• “Paramilitary ties implicate Colombia’s political elite”, Washington Post, 19 Dec. 2006.
• “Colombia fighter gives testimony”, BBC, 19 Dec. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, 20 Oct. 2006.

FARC violence escalated as series of deadly attacks continued. Mortar attack on police in Tierradentro 1 November killed at least 17, including 3 civilians. Heavy fighting with army forces reported 21 November in Caqueta killed 14. FARC militias launched series of attacks in Cali slums. President Uribe faced growing scandal as investigations grew into links between paramilitary groups and politicians allied to him. Supreme Court charged Senators Alvaro Garcia and Jairo Merlano and Congressman Eric Morris with funding right-wing paramilitaries in Sucre, and 60 current or former members of Congress and politicians under investigation for signing agreement with ex-paramilitary chiefs in 2001 to push for peace deal.

• “Colombia’s Uribe, facing crisis, threatens ‘paras’”, AlertNet, 30 Nov. 2006.
• “Thugs and politics”, Economist, 16 Nov. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, 20 Oct. 2006.

Progress in talks between government and FARC rebels regarding hostage exchange fell apart after car bombing at military school in Bogota 19 October. President Uribe subsequently ruled out talks, blaming FARC and saying military would again pursue liberation of hostages. FARC also blamed for 28 October car bombing that killed 2 at Villavicencio army base. Earlier in month, both sides had proposed to engage in formal peace talks after planned hostage exchange, also broaching establishment of constituent assembly. Exploratory talks with ELN rebels ended 26 October with agreement to move towards full-fledged peace negotiations.

• “Under fire”, Economist, 26 Oct. 2006.
• “Colombian leader ends Farc talks”, BBC, 20 Oct. 2006.
• Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe, Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°11, 20 October 2006.

In new bid to pressure government into hostage exchange, FARC rebels released video of 12 politicians taken hostage in 2002. In policy shift, President Uribe said willing to accept “meeting zone” for hostage swap with FARC. Government continued to pressure remaining AUC former paramilitaries who have not entered temporary detention to comply with Justice and Peace Law, threatening ex-leader Vicente Castaño with extradition to U.S. on drugs trafficking if caught. On eve of October talks between government and ELN rebels in Havana, ELN commander Antonio García declared in favour of amnesty to imprisoned rebels as step towards full-fledged peace negotiations.

• “Colombian rebels release video of kidnapped regional lawmakers”, International Herald Tribune, 24 Sept. 2006.
• “Amnistía para guerrilleros presos propuso jefe militar del Eln, Antonio García”, El Tiempo, 20 Sept. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°17, Uribe’s Re-election: Can the EU Help Colombia Develop a More Balanced Peace Strategy?, 8 June 2006.

President Uribe sworn in for second term; promised further emphasis on security. Government appeared to take harder line on demobilisation of paramilitaries, as Uribe warned AUC fighters they must comply with new terms of supreme court’s May review of 2005 Justice and Peace Law, which require full confessions and withhold some protections. Bulk of AUC leaders – except “Jorge 40” and Vicente Castaño – assented to government’s request that they serve house arrest-style detention in government facility. FARC claimed hostage exchange program with government stalled.

• “Uribe warns fighters to confess”, BBC, 15 Aug. 2006.
• “Colombian rebels try to show government who is boss”, AlertNet, 14 Aug. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°17, Uribe’s Re-election: Can the EU Help Colombia Develop a More Balanced Peace Strategy?, 8 June 2006.

FARC violence increased in apparent show of force before President Uribe’s second term starts in August. FARC killed 10, kidnapped 170, in Riosucio, Chocó province, while intense fighting with government forces near Ecuadorian border displaced 1,300. FARC attack shut off oil flow from second largest pipeline, 2 oil workers killed. Constitutional Court released full text of ruling on Justice and Peace Law, as police launched program to monitor demobilised paramilitaries.

• “Court’s demobilization ruling thwarts future abuses”, Human Rights Watch, 19 July 2006.
• “Colombian rebels massacre 10 civilians, kidnap 170”, AlertNet, 14 July 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°17, Uribe’s Re-election: Can the EU Help Colombia Develop a More Balanced Peace Strategy?, 8 June 2006.

Turnaround in rebel strategy as FARC announced ready to negotiate with President Uribe, but stipulated government must first withdraw from rebel-dominated southern provinces and suspend Plan Patriota. FARC violence continued; rebel commander killed in clash with military in Santander. FARC declared war on leftist ELN rebels after attacks in contentious Arauca province. AUC spokesman warned of potential conflict as paramilitaries would prefer to die in combat than serve jail terms called for in newly amended Justice and Peace Law; Peace Commissioner Restrepo and others tried to defuse tensions. UN reported coca cultivation rose 8% in 2005, despite increased crop eradication.

• “Farc ‘wants Colombia peace talks’”, BBC, 24 June 2006.
• “FARC rebels declare war on smaller insurgent group”, CNN, 12 June 2006.
• Crisis Group Latin America Report N°16, Colombia: Towards Peace and Justice?, 14 March 2006.

Incumbent President Uribe won 28 May presidential election with 62% of vote, reinforcing his strong stance against rebels and move toward stability; leftwing Carlos Gaviria came second with 22%. Polls relatively peaceful though FARC stepped up attacks prior to vote: bombed power installations and organised grenade attacks in main port city of Buenaventura, blew up part of second most important pipeline, and attacked army patrol in Cauca in south. Constitutional court altered key provisions of controversial Justice and Peace Law, basis for peace process with AUC paramilitaries, after declaring original terms unconstitutional. AUC warned decision major blow to talks but later agreed to continue peace process.

• “Colombian president wins 2nd term”, International Herald Tribune, 29 May 2006.
• “Ruling may jeopardize Colombia peace deal”, CNN, 19 May 2006.
• Crisis Group Latin America Report N°16, Colombia: Towards Peace and Justice?, 14 March 2006.

Crisis with state security agency (DAS) after media alleged ties between DAS and paramilitaries, prompting accusations from President Uribe that press undermining democracy. ELN rebels resumed preliminary peace talks with government, while PDA party officials offered to accept rebels into ranks after disarming. Rebel attacks continued in run-up to 28 May presidential election: FARC blamed for fire bomb attacks on 2 Bogota buses that killed 3; joint FARC-ELN ambush killed 10 DAS detectives and 7 soldiers in Norte de Santander province. UNHCR said fighting between army and irregular armed group forced 1,400 to flee near border with Ecuador. Peace Commissioner Restrepo announced demobilisation of AUC paramilitaries completed. U.S. report revealed coca crops cover 144,000 hectares, up from 105,000 in 2005.

• “Colombia’s elections”, Council on Foreign Relations, 25 Apr. 2006.
• “Colombia leader hits out at press”, BBC, 17 Apr. 2006.
• Crisis Group Latin America Report N°16, Colombia: Towards Peace and Justice?, 14 March 2006.

Largely peaceful congressional elections held 12 March despite FARC violence in run up to vote. Parties loyal to President Uribe won 61 of 102 seats in senate and 91 of 166 in lower house, reinforcing Uribe’s position as top candidate for May presidential election. FARC killed 18 members of security forces and 4 civilians in attacks across country ahead of polls. Smaller rebel group ELN, currently in preliminary talks with government, declared ceasefire for elections. U.S. Justice Department indicted 50 top FARC members, while Uribe - in move to induce rebels to disarm - expanded suspension of extradition orders to FARC members who demobilise and submit to prosecution under Justice and Peace Law. AUC paramilitary disarmament continued, 3,500 remain armed.

• “FARC indicted in U.S. on drug charges”, Miami Herald, 23 Mar. 2006.
• “Uribe’s re-election bid boosted”, BBC, 13 Mar. 2006.

Controversy over government’s alleged links to paramilitaries continued with 2 congresswomen expelled from pro-Uribe party (in addition to 5 expelled in January). 2,500 AUC paramilitaries gave up weapons in ceremony 2 February but arrest warrants issued for 2 demobilised leaders. UN report criticised Justice and Peace legislation and questioned true extent of AUC disarmament; also reported rise in extrajudicial executions by security forces. Second round of exploratory talks held with ELN rebels in Cuba; government officially recognised ELN delegation and agreed to suspend capture orders for 2 ELN leaders to build trust; third round set for April. Military launched bombing raids on Macarena National Park after FARC rebels killed 6 police involved in coca eradication operation. FARC killed 9 civilians and 7 town council members in separate attacks in Caqueta and Huila regions. Head of military resigned after allegations officers tortured 21 recruits.

• “Colombia, ELN rebels to talk again in April”, AlertNet, 27 Feb. 2006.
• “UN: Amnesty plan benefits abusers”, Miami Herald, 15 Feb. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

President Uribe ordered investigation into alleged paramilitary bribing of politicians ahead of March legislative polls; 6 candidates subsequently banned by their parties from running. Government accused Senator Rafael Pardo of conspiring with FARC against Uribe reelection. In attempt to sabotage Uribe’s bid, FARC refused prisoner-hostage swap and aired video of hostages requesting help from Venezuela (claiming Colombia unable to negotiate release). Government announced referendum on swap alongside March polls. Preparations underway for second round of peace talks with ELN, despite clash with soldiers that killed 6. 2,600 AUC paramilitaries in largest demobilisation of peace process 21 January. 12 FARC rebels, 2 soldiers killed in clashes during coca plant eradication in Macarena National Park.

• “Colombian paramilitaries muscle in on politics”, AlertNet, 27 Jan. 2006.
• “FARC pushes to derail Uribe’s re-election”, ISN, 6 Jan. 2006.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

FARC carried out worst attack since Uribe elected, killing 37 in 2 attacks on security forces. Attacks came after government proposal for troop pullout from area in southwest in exchange for hostage/prisoner swap. Optimistic start to talks in Cuba between leftist ELN rebels and government, with commitment to further talks in January. AUC paramilitaries broke ceasefire with government in clash with ELN early December that killed 8. 2,000 more AUC members disarmed, raising total to 13,000; deadline for complete demobilisation of remaining 15,000 set for February. AUC leader called for 2 seats in Congress in return for disarming.

• “Colombia’s Uribe vows coca crackdown after attack”, AlertNet, 28 Dec. 2005.
• “Colombia, rebel group move closer to formal peace talks”, CNN (Reuters), 21 Dec. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

President Uribe announced candidacy for May 2006 elections after constitutional court cleared him to run for second term. AUC paramilitaries agreed to resume demobilisation, after suspending cooperation in October for fear their leader would be extradited to U.S. Washington agreed to provide up to $20 million for demobilisation. Up to 2,000 fled, many to Ecuador, to escape upsurge in violence in southern Putumayo and Narino departments; 24 guerrillas surrendered to authorities 16 November. Security forces continued forced eviction of indigenous protestors from farms in Cauca.

• “The successes and failures of President Uribe”, Colombia Journal, 28 Nov. 2005.
• “AUC militia ‘resumes disarmament’”, BBC, 17 Nov. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

Constitutional court approved lifting ban on presidential term limits. President Uribe awaiting further November ruling before able to run again. AUC paramilitaries suspended demobilisation amid American calls for imprisoned leader Don Berna’s extradition to U.S. Head of Administrative Security Department quit due to allegations agency infiltrated by AUC. FARC imposed armed blockade from 3 October in oil-rich Arauca department; intense FARC-paramilitary fighting over control of cocaine in west killed more than 20. Security forces killed 11 rebels in southeast, seized $188 million worth of FARC’s cocaine and 135kg explosives; Colombian/U.S. authorities shut down major drug trafficking and money laundering operation in Bogotá.

• “Colombia ousts secret police chiefs”, International Herald Tribune, 28 Oct. 2005.
• “AUC disarmament talks may be derailed, again”, ISN, 14 Oct. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

FARC rejected government’s latest proposal to negotiate hostage exchange citing lack of security for negotiators. Government accused France of meddling in internal affairs by hosting unauthorised hostage talks with FARC. Smaller leftist group ELN accepted Venezuelan offer to facilitate peace talks after government freed senior ELN leader for 3 months in peace gesture. 17 killed during combat between FARC and far-right paramilitaries in Putumayo province. FARC suspected of destroying electrical towers in south, leaving over 2.3 million without electricity; shot down plane spraying coca fields killing pilot.

• “Rebels reject offer on prisoner-exchange talks”, CNN, 16 Sept. 2005.
• “Colombia rebel released for talks”, BBC, 8 Sept. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

Conflict between government and insurgent groups continued: FARC killed 12 coca farmers in effort to assert control in northwest, while 11 police killed in roadside bomb near town of Patillal. Government accepted church mediation after FARC rejected offer to negotiate hostage swap. Demobilisation of 2,000 AUC militia began near Medellin; AUC leaders formally handed back control of 368-sq km safe haven around town of Santa Fe de Ralito to government forces as part of demobilisation process. Constitutional Court likely to rule by end September 2005 whether president can stand for re-election.

• “Colombia safe havens returned”, CNN, 28 Aug. 2005.
• “Law seen as soft on militias in Colombia”, The Washington Post, 21 Aug. 2005.
• “Farc rejects prisoner talks offer”, BBC, 16 Aug. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

Government declared readiness to deal directly with FARC for first time: Uribe instructed Peace Commissioner Restrepo to move forward on prisoners/hostages swap, in moves largely seen by observers as effort to reverse international concern on Peace and Justice law. Controversy continued regarding law, sanctioned 22 July. President Uribe sought support in Europe, with Spain’s PM Zapatero reacting positively; UN commission urged government not to ratify. Paramilitary AUC expressed first intent to form legitimate political party. At least 15 ELN rebels killed in clash with government forces in southwest province of Valle 14 July - high-ranking ELN leader previously captured. Uribe’s offer to pay ELN for disarmament rejected, but negotiator authorised to pursue talks. FARC declared travel ban in southern Putamayo state; 2 soldiers killed in clashes.

• “Colombian paramilitary disarms”, CNN, 30 July 2005.
• “Civilian population near Ecuador border in danger from armed blockade”, ReliefWeb (UNHCR), 29 July 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°14, Colombia: Presidential Politics and Peace Prospects, 16 June 2005.

Controversial peace bill to demobilise paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces (AUC) passed by Congress 21 June. Domestic and international critics deem law too lenient. President Uribe’s policies for combating armed groups still drew 63% support in 24 June poll. Top AUC leader Diego Murillo, under indictment for killing representative of Cordoba department, disbanded 400 fighters in hope of reduced sentence and avoidance of extradition to U.S. on drug charges. In worst single day death toll of 3-year Uribe administration, 25 soldiers killed in 2 FARC attacks in Putumayo province 25 June. Liberal national convention 10-11 June elected César Gaviria party leader, with limited powers; Gaviria declared opposition to Uribe.

• “Colombia re-evaluating anti-guerrilla tactics”, CNN, 27 June 2005.
• “Colombia passes disputed law disarming death squads”, International Herald Tribune, 23 June 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°11, War and Drugs in Colombia, 27 Jan. 2005.

Trend of intensifying FARC operations and heightening economic and social discontent persisted, driving President Uribe approval ratings down from 74 to 59 per cent since December. Debate continued on paramilitary demobilisation law. Peace talks with paramilitaries continued despite attempts to arrest senior leader accused of assassinating legislator in April. FARC ambushes in Chocó and Putumayo departments killed 13 police. Government reported 16 FARC members killed in Caquetá, further 27 in departments of Antioquia, Meta and Arauca. FARC attack on local officials in town of Puerto Rico Caquetá province killed 11, 25 May.

• “Colombia makes record rebel arms haul”, ISN, 31 May 2005.
• “Surge of attacks by leftist rebels ends year of quiet in Colombia”, International Herald Tribune, 27 May. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°11, War and Drugs in Colombia, 27 Jan. 2005

Talks with AUC paramilitaries in northern Santa Fe de Ralito remained stalled as AUC object to government's “justice and peace” bill which fails to give assurances against extradition to U.S. Negotiations with left-wing National Liberation Army (ELN) on hold after they rejected Mexico as mediator. FARC killed 17 soldiers in ambush in eastern province of Arauca 6 April; launched attacks on 5 southern towns killing 5 wounding 30, 14 April. Five paramilitary fighters, including army sergeant died in clash with security forces near town of Cucuta on Venezuelan border 17 April. Elsewhere security forces killed at least 15 leftist guerrillas in northern provinces Antioquia and Choco. Four army generals sacked 27 April by minister of defence for opposing armed forces modernisation. U.S. Sec. State Condoleezza Rice reaffirmed support for Uribe and fight against drug trafficking and terrorism despite failure to significantly reduce drug flow to U.S.

• “United States remains committed to aiding Colombia, Rice says”, ReliefWeb, 28 Apr. 2005.
• “ Politics, drugs and the gun”, The Economist, 28 Apr. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°11, War and Drugs in Colombia, 27 Jan. 2005.

FARC operations against infrastructure and military targets continued while demobilisation of right-wing paramilitaries remained stalled due to dispute over accompanying legislation. Paramilitary negotiating commission in Santa Fe de Ralito said demobilisation bill submitted to parliament includes insufficient legal guarantees. FARC ambushed military convoy in Putumayo department 23 March killing 10 soldiers. At least 25 soldiers, guerrillas and civilians killed in clashes throughout month. Spokespersons of “peace community” of San Jose de Apartado (Antioquia), which saw assassination of 8 of its inhabitants late February, refused army entry, rejecting accusation FARC members hiding in area. Bogota and leftist National Liberation Army moved towards peace talks and called for international support.

• “Colombia says moving toward peace talks with rebels”, AlertNet, 29 Mar. 2005.
• “Colombian rebels kill 10 soldiers”, The Guardian, 24 Mar. 2005.
• Comment by Markus Schultze-Kraft (Crisis Group), “El año de las definiciones políticas”, El Espectador, 26 Mar. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°11, War and Drugs in Colombia, 27 Jan. 2005.

FARC demonstrated capability to strike in several regions simultaneously despite government’s 2 year military campaign against them: heavy fighting in Narino, Meta and Antioquia departments killed at least 60 troops. President Alvaro Uribe met G-24 representatives at donor conference in Cartagena 3-4 February. G-24 affirmed support for Uribe administration but urged “legal framework” for demobilisation of armed groups. Paramilitary AUC threatened to abandon demobilisation talks if legislation stipulating possible prison terms for past crimes passed by Congress.

• “Rebels wreak havoc in Colombia”, CNN, 21 Feb. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report N°11, War and Drugs in Colombia, 27 Jan. 2005.

Diplomatic dispute with Venezuela saw President Hugo Chavez recall his ambassador to Bogota and suspend bilateral trade projects in retaliation for December kidnapping of leftist rebel in Caracas. Rodrigo Granda, dubbed FARC “foreign minister”, reportedly seized by bribed Venezuelan police and taken across border. Fidel Castro brokered end of crisis communiqué 29 January; Chavez and Uribe scheduled to meet 3 February. UN to suspend mediation efforts between Colombian government and FARC after 4 years of failed attempts to resolve 40-year conflict. Demobilisation of right-wing paramilitaries continued with 900 fighters in northern province of Cordoba 18 January, though army said had killed 11 paramilitaries who had been harassing local residents in central province of Risaralda. Still no legislative agreement on how to hold accountable worst offenders.

• “Colombia, Venezuela settle row”, CNN, 29 Jan. 2005.
• “Letting paramilitaries off the hook”, Human Rights Watch Report, 18 Jan. 2005.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report Nº9, Colombia’s Borders: The Weak Link in Uribe’s Security Policy, 23 Sept. 2004.

Progress in demobilisation of paramilitaries continued: 1,400 fighters of Catatumbo Bloc handed in arms 10 December in largest ever demobilisation; further 550 of Calima Bloc disarmed 18 December. Reintegration strategy still lacking. President Uribe said 16 December would not extradite AUC leader Salvatore Mancuso if he remains in talks with government and stops illegal activities. FARC leader Ricardo Palmera (a.k.a. Simon Trinidad) extradited to U.S. after FARC failed to release 63 hostages before 30 December deadline. FARC rebels reportedly killed at least 17 in northeast Arauca province on New Year’s Eve in retaliation for cooperating with paramilitaries.

• “Rebels kill 17 peasants in Colombia – police”, Reuters AlertNet, 1 Jan. 2005.
• “Colombia hands Farc leader to US”, BBC, 31 Dec. 2004.
• “Colombia fighters hand over arms”, BBC, 19 Dec. 2004.
• For background, see Crisis Group Latin America Report Nº9, Colombia’s Borders: The Weak Link in Uribe’s Security Policy, 23 Sept. 2004.

FARC rejected 7 November government offer to meet in neutral embassy to discuss prisoner exchange, reiterating demand for demilitarisation of 2 zones in Caquetá department. Ten police officers killed in ELN ambush Paimado, Choco department 16 November. Following AUC-government deal to disband 3,000 fighters, 450 “Bananero Bloc” AUC fighters turned in arms. New truth, justice and reparation bill rejected by President Uribe. After week-long mission to Bojaya, Choco, UNHCR said armed groups tightening stranglehold there with risk civilians could be forced to flee or trapped in crossfire. In 22 November visit to Cartagena, President Bush pledged continued aid. Congress passed bill 30 November allowing Uribe to stand for 2nd term.

• “Armed groups have stranglehold on Colombia region—U.N.”, Reuters AlertNet, 23 Nov. 2004.
• “Colombian militia hands in arms”, BBC, 22 Nov. 2004.
• “Ten Colombian police die in Marxist rebel ambush”, Reuters AlertNet, 17 Nov. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report Nº9, Colombia's Borders: The Weak Link in Uribe's Security Policy, 23 Sept. 2004.

AUC leader ordered demobilisation of 3,000 paramilitary fighters starting 3 November. EU changed stance on AUC demobilisation process, pledging financial support under strict conditions including establishment of legal framework for demobilisation and AUC's full compliance with ceasefire and international law. ELN call to FARC for political alliance against President Alvaro Uribe put into question government-ELN talks. Government proposed negotiations on hostage exchange with FARC to be held in foreign embassy. U.S. Congress authorised doubling of number of U.S. troops and contractors.

• “Colombia wants to meet rebels over hostage deal”, Reuters AlertNet, 29 Oct. 2004.
• Comment by Markus Schultze-Kraft (ICG), “EU-US wedge thwarts efforts in Latin America”, European Voice, 14 Oct. 2004.
• “Colombia rebels 'consider pact'”, BBC, 13 Oct. 2004.
• “Colombian paramilitaries to disband 3,000 fighters”, Reuters AlertNet, 8 Oct. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report Nº9, Colombia's Borders: The Weak Link in Uribe's Security Policy, 23 Sept. 2004.

Demobilisation talks continued between right-wing AUC paramilitary and government despite killing of AUC negotiator Miguel Arroyave and 4 bodyguards, reportedly by fellow AUC members in southern Meta province. Paramilitary splinter group Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Casanare (ACC) announced intention to join talks with government day before 26 September military attack on ACC killed 13. Leftist FARC rebels blamed for 17 September border attack on Venezuelan soldiers and oil engineers; 6 killed. Government negotiations for hostage exchange with FARC faltered over FARC demand for demilitarised zone for negotiations. U.S. gave government $33 million in military aid to fight outlawed armed groups after certifying Colombia’s “progress” on human rights in civil war.

• “Colombian army says it killed 13 paramilitaries”, Reuters AlertNet, 26 Sept. 2004.
• “Colombia paramilitaries to return to peace talks”, Reuters AlertNet, 21 Sept. 2004.
• “Colombia Indians rally for peace”, BBC, 14 Sept. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°8, Demobilising the Paramilitaries in Colombia: An Achievable Goal?, 5 Aug. 2004.

AUC paramilitaries issued 12 August communiqué stating intention to demobilise several thousand fighters. Move followed President Alvaro Uribe’s ultimatum for groups fighting in Casanare department to demobilise. Clashes between Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Casanare paramilitaries (not involved in AUC/government talks) and government troops 28 August left at least 21 dead. Uribe offered to release 50 leftist FARC fighters in return for 60 hostages. FARC rejected terms of exchange offer but Bogota hopeful deal still possible. U.S. warned would enforce extradition warrants against imprisoned fighters if released. Ten coca farmers murdered by FARC in Norte de Santander 11 August, as well as town mayor in Casanare province 28 August. Clash between ELN and government troops killed 5 soldiers 7 August in eastern Arauca province, where 2 unionists, accused of being leftist rebels, killed earlier in month.

• “Colombian army kills at least 21 paramilitaries”, Reuters, 28 Aug. 2004.
• “Hopes persist for Farc swap deal”, BBC, 23 Aug. 2004.
• “Colombia’s rightist militia to demobilize thousands”, Reuters AlertNet, 13 Aug. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe’s Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003 and ICG Briefing, Hostages for Prisoners: A Way to Peace in Colombia?, 8 Mar. 2004.

Government peace talks with right-wing AUC paramilitaries in northern province of Cordoba underway following May “Ralito II” accord. Senior AUC members given safe conduct to address Congress in Bogota 28 July. Leader Salvatore Mancuso stated willingness to work towards permanent ceasefire. Leftist FARC killed 13 government soldiers in 22 July attack on bridge in southern Putumayo province; ruled out possibility of peace with President Uribe. At least 20 killed in eastern Colombia in 8-9 July due to infighting between rival right-wing paramilitary groups.

• “Colombia warlords visit Congress”, BBC, 27 July 2004.
• “Colombian rebels rule out talks”, BBC, 20 July 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe’s Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003 and ICG Briefing, Hostages for Prisoners: A Way to Peace in Colombia?, 8 Mar. 2004.

President Uribe’s government offered to halt offensive operations against leftist National Liberation Army (ELN) if it calls unilateral ceasefire. FARC killed 34 coca farmers in northeastern region of Norte de Santander 15 June. Attack in retaliation to farmers’ support for right-wing paramilitaries. AUC paramilitaries agreed to confine themselves to rural areas starting 1 July in bid to advance demobilisation negotiations with government. Abducted former Colombian senator and 7 family members freed 1 June, removing last-minute obstacle to talks. Lower house of congress approved bill 17 June to allow Uribe to stand for second term in 2006. Legislation must pass further 4 rounds of voting in house and senate before approval.

• “Colombia, warlords talk peace in militia haven”, Reuters, 1 July 2004.
• “Colombia’s opportunity”, The Washington Times, 22 June 2004.
• “Farc admits coca farmers massacre”, BBC, 18 June 2004.
• “Colombia reelection bill passes half-way mark”, Reuters AlertNet, 17 June 2004. 
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe’s Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003 and ICG Briefing, Hostages for Prisoners: A Way to Peace in Colombia?, 8 Mar. 2004.

Wave of attacks in north killed 21, wounded over 100 as leftist FARC rebels marked 40th anniversary. Senior FARC commander Ricardo Palmera sentenced to 35 years in prison for kidnapping, rebellion. Suspected paramilitaries killed 11 alleged collaborators with leftist rebels. Leaders of AUC paramilitary group agreed to remain in rural area with OAS observers while negotiations continue with government.

•  “Colombian troops on alert as rebel birthday looms”, Reuters AlertNet, 25 May 2004. 
• “Bandits or politicians?”, The Economist, 20 May 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003 and Briefing, Hostages for Prisoners: A Way to Peace in Colombia?, 8 Mar. 2004.

President Uribe proposed amended legislation for demobilisation of right-wing paramilitaries; to require jail time for worst offenders. Former leader of AUC paramilitary group, Carlos Castaño, missing after gun battle with rival paramilitaries killed number of bodyguards; later reported dead. Former general threatening to expose links between army and leftist FARC rebel group. Congress considering whether to amend constitution to allow Uribe to run for second term.

• "Missing Colombian warlord 'dead'", BBC, 1 May 2004.
• "Colombian leader fights for survival", The Age (NYT), 27 Apr. 2004.
• "Colombia: A laboratory of war", Amnesty International report, 20 Apr. 2004.
• "Truth, justice and forgiveness?", The Economist, 15 Apr. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Briefing, Hostages for Prisoners: A Way to Peace in Colombia?, 8 Mar. 2004.

At White House meeting 23 March, President Bush commended President Uribe for efforts against drug traffickers and terrorists, and called for Congress to increase U.S. military support for efforts. Coca production declined by 21% in 2003. AUC paramilitary group asked U.S. to join negotiations to disarm AUC fighters, seeking to get round U.S. extradition requests for its leaders - U.S. rejected.

• “Bush, Uribe hail progress in Colombia drug fight”, CNN (AP), 24 Mar. 2004.
• “Colombia paramilitary seek US role in peace talks”, VOA News, 23 Mar. 2004.
• “Ingrid Betancourt and Colombia’s government”, The Economist, 18 Mar. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe’s Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003.

Government claims paramilitary groups have killed more than 250 since ceasefire announced December 2002, but that killings down by 44% over previous year. U.S and UN complained of continuing paramilitary violence. 22 members of AUC paramilitary group and 10 soldiers killed in fighting 21 February. Government claimed some 17 members of FARC rebel group and 8 members of ELN rebel group killed in clashes with armed forces on weekend of 21 February. FARC responded 25 February with attack in south, killing 12 soldiers and kidnapping 3 businessmen – President Uribe sacked general in command of region. U.S. added leaders of FARC and AUC to its list of international drugs traffickers.

• “Colombia rebels counterattack”, BBC, 26 Feb. 2004.
• “Death toll from weekend clashes in Colombia rises to 66”, CNN, 24 Feb. 2004.
• “Colombia ceasefire fails to end killings – govt”, Reuters, 19 Feb. 2004.
• “Colombia turns up heat on rebel leaders”, The Guardian, 17 Feb. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003.

Senior FARC rebel leader, Simón Trinidad, captured in Ecuador 2 January – most senior rebel leader captured in FARC’s 40-year history. In new campaign, army began pushing into rebel-held parts of country. Leader of AUC paramilitary unit that disarmed in November gave unprecedented address to Congress, calling for legislation to protect paramilitaries who disarmed. Organization of American States agreed 25 January to monitor disarmament of paramilitaries. EU called on government to respect rule of law, in veiled criticism of emergency detention powers for military, approved by Congress in December.

• “Colombia targeting rebel strongholds”, The Washington Post, 25 Jan. 2004.
• “Ex-anti-rebel addresses Colombia Congress”, The Guardian (AP), 21 Jan. 2004.
• “Army thins out rebel leadership”, Miami Herald, 10 Jan. 2004.
• “Colombia’s security policy”, The Economist, 8 Jan. 2004.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°6, Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy, 13 Nov. 2003.

Leftist rebel group ELN rejected conditional offer by government to open peace talks. ELN released remaining 5 foreign hostages kidnapped September. One of alleged leaders of FARC rebel group captured by police. FARC and ELN rebels attacked paramilitary village 30 December, killing 40.

• “40 killed in rebel assault on Colombian village”, The Washington Post (AP), 31 Dec. 2003.
• “Colombia rebel group rejects peace offer”, The Guardian (AP), 29 Dec. 2003.
• “Colombia rebels free 5 foreign hostages”, The Guardian (AP), 23 Dec. 2003.
• “Colombia police say they catch suspected rebel commander”, Reuters, 16 December 2003.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Reports N°5, Colombia: Negotiating with the Paramilitaries, 16 Sept. 2003. and N°6, Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy, 13 November 2003.

Government shake-up following 25 October elections has seen resignations of defence, interior and environment ministers. Armed forces commander and police chief also resigned and another general sacked. Resignations have damaged perceived strength of President Uribe. Colombia also facing economic problems. 800 members of rightwing AUC paramilitary group disarmed in public ceremony. Leftist ELN rebels released two of seven foreign tourists taken hostage in September. Other leftist rebel group, FARC, blamed for grenade attacks on two Bogota bars 15 November, killing one and injuring over 70.

• “Colombia’s paramilitaries”, The Economist, 28 Nov. 2003.
• “Rising peace hopes in Colombia”, International Herald Tribune, 27 Nov. 2003.
• “Resignations hurt leader in Colombia”, International Herald Tribune, 14 Nov. 2003.
• “Debt puts Colombia in jeopardy”, International Herald Tribune, 12 Nov. 2003.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°5, Colombia: Negotiating with the Paramilitaries, 16 Sept. 2003.

Car bomb killed six and injured 12 on 8 October in central Bogota: FARC blamed. Two mayors slain after secret meeting with FARC, totalling nine mayors assassinated this year. Ceasefire between government and right-wing paramilitary group put in doubt by 13 October deadly clashes. Regional FARC number two leader killed by Colombian army 19 October. In run up to 25 October national referendum and 26 October local elections, at least 30 candidates killed by illegal groups; others intimidated into dropping out. 25 politicians detained as government claims rebel ties. Package of measures failed in referendum due to low voter turnout, and leftist candidate won election as mayor of Bogota, in setback to President Uribe.

• “Poll blows for Colombia president”, BBC, 27 Oct. 2003.
• “Colombia voters choose mayors, governors”, The Guardian (AP), 26 Oct. 2003.
• “25 Colombians suspected of rebel ties”, The Guardian (AP), 21 Oct. 2003.
• “Six killed in Colombia car bomb”, Reuters, 8 Oct. 2003.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°5, Colombia: Negotiating with the Paramilitaries, 16 Sept. 2003 and ICG Latin America Report N°4, Colombia’s Humanitarian Crisis, 9 Jul. 2003.

Bomb outside nightclub in southern city of Florencia on 28 September killed ten and injured 50 – FARC rebels blamed. Eight foreign tourists kidnapped, one British tourist later escaped – leftist rebel group ELN claimed responsibility. FARC stepped up attacks in north, bombing freight train and blowing up gas pipeline. Heavy fighting between right-wing paramilitaries caused hundreds to flee homes in north. Human Rights Watch reported more than 11,000 child soldiers may be fighting for rebels and paramilitaries. President Uribe strongly criticised NGOs and human rights groups after they challenged government’s human rights record.

• “Colombia ELN rebels say they kidnapped foreigners”, Reuters, 29 September 2003.
• T. Christian Miller, “Blast in Colombia nightclub district kills 10, injures 50”, Boston Globe, 29 September 2003.
• “Hundreds flee as rival militias clash in Colombia”, Reuters, 22 September 2003.
• “Child combatants in Colombia”, The Economist, 18 September 2003.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°4, Colombia’s Humanitarian Crisis, 9 July 2003.

FARC and ELN rebels announced decision for joint military operations against Government and ruled out peace talks. This followed President Uribe’s public request to Venezuelan President Chavez to convey Colombia’s willingness to negotiate with FARC if they agreed to ceasefire, implicitly suggesting Chavez Government links to FARC. Colombian Air Force to resume forcing down planes suspected of carrying drugs or weapons. U.S. to renew assistance to CAF for that purpose after new procedures put in place. Demobilisation talks with some paramilitaries move forward. Government introduced legislation to grant amnesty to illegal fighters whose groups agree to ceasefire or peace talks. UN criticised proposed amnesty. Dozens of civilians killed in rebel bomb attacks across country following first anniversary of Uribe’s election.

• “Colombia rebels reject peace-talks”, BBC News, 25 August 2003.
• “United Nations slams Colombian government amnesty bill”, Reuters AlertNet, 21 August 2003.
• For background, see ICG Latin America Report N°4, Colombia’s Humanitarian Crisis, 9 July 2003.