CrisisWatch

Tracking Conflict Worldwide

CrisisWatch is our global conflict tracker, an early warning tool designed to help prevent deadly violence. It keeps decision-makers up-to-date with developments in over 70 conflicts and crises every month, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. In addition, CrisisWatch monitors over 50 situations (“standby monitoring”) to offer timely information if developments indicate a drift toward violence or instability. Entries dating back to 2003 provide easily searchable conflict histories.

Global Overview

Outlook for This Month December 2018

Resolution Opportunities

Trends for Last Month November 2018

Improved Situations

Conflict in Focus

In November, Yemen’s brutal war continued to threaten its people with famine, while talks planned for early December offer a glimmer of hope for reprieve. Boko Haram’s insurgency in north east Nigeria gained intensity, as suspected jihadist groups stepped up attacks in Burkina Faso’s north and east and across the border in south west Niger, and in Mozambique’s far north. In Somalia, Al-Shabaab upped its campaign of violence, while territorial clashes flared between the country’s semi-autonomous Puntland region and Somaliland. In the Central African Republic, fighting between armed groups and violence targeting civilians and peacekeepers surged, and clashes erupted in northern Chad. Fears grew over possible violence around upcoming elections in DR Congo, and troops from neighbouring Burundi attacked a Congo-based Burundian rebel group. Protests turned violent in Haiti and Guinea, while in Bangladesh, election-related violence could increase in coming weeks. In Europe, relations deteriorated between Kosovo and Serbia, while further east tensions spiked following an incident involving Russian and Ukrainian naval vessels in the Azov Sea.

In Yemen, the war raged on with local forces backed by the United Arab Emirates advancing into the eastern part of Hodeida city, still controlled by the Huthis. A battle for Hodeida port and city – a lifeline for some two thirds of the population – would likely plunge millions of Yemenis into famine. Amid recent U.S. Senate moves to end its involvement in the war, December offers a glimmer of hope; UN Special Envoy Martin Griffiths is expected to hold peace talks, which could resume efforts toward a political settlement and help avert the slide into a catastrophic man-made disaster.

Jihadist groups stepped up attacks in multiple theatres across Africa. In Nigeria’s north east, the Boko Haram faction calling itself Islamic State West Africa Province upped its raids on security forces, taxing an already over-stretched military ahead of the February 2019 polls. In the Sahel, jihadist attacks continued to rise in Burkina Faso’s north and east and a new hot spot emerged across the border in south-western Niger. Al-Shabaab in Somalia intensified attacks in Mogadishu and elsewhere, while separately, forces from Somalia’s semi-autonomous Puntland fought a new bout with those of Somaliland over contested territory. Further down the coast in northern Mozambique, suspected Islamist militants renewed their brutal targeting of civilians.

In the Central African Republic, violence once again surged, especially in the north and centre, as factions of the former rebel Seleka coalition that temporarily took power in 2013 fought anti-balaka community-based militias. Armed groups also targeted civilians, UN peacekeepers and humanitarian facilities. Meanwhile, the rivalry between Russian and African Union-led mediation processes continued to stymie progress toward a political settlement. A new front opened in Chad’s north as a local defence force formed to resist army operations which it believes are aimed at taking control of the area’s gold mines.

DR Congo’s long-delayed general elections set for 23 December could trigger violence. The opposition’s failure to unite behind a single candidate put wind in the sails of President Kabila’s favoured successor, while concerns about the credibility and fairness of the process could lead losers to dispute the results. Burundi’s political crisis turned more kinetic as the army attacked camps of an armed opposition group based in DR Congo’s east. In Guinea, several people were killed as opposition supporters contesting the results of the February 2018 local elections clashed with security forces.

In an atmosphere of political acrimony and mistrust, fears grew over the potential for violence around Bangladesh’s general elections on 30 December. Clashes continued between police and supporters of the opposition, whose call to postpone the polls by a month, and create a caretaker government to oversee them, the government rejected. At least nine people were killed in a renewed wave of violence in Haiti as anti-corruption protests gripped the country.

Relations between Kosovo and Serbia took a turn for the worse as Kosovo introduced a 100 per cent tariff on imports from Bosnia and Serbia, which it said was retaliation for their “negative behaviour” and diplomatic efforts to undermine Kosovo’s international position. The tariff also raised tensions within Kosovo as ethnic Serbs expressed their anger at the move. A confrontation involving Russian and Ukrainian naval vessels in the Azov Sea resulted in the Russian capture of three Ukrainian vessels and 24 servicemen, in what is believed to constitute Russia’s first overt and uncontested use of force against Ukraine since its 2014 annexation of Crimea; both sides accused each other of provocation.

China (internal)

Further reports emerged describing extensive growth of political re-education camps used for mass detention of Muslims in Xinjiang region. Jamestown Foundation report 5 Nov cited evidence of dramatic increases in Xinjiang local govt budgets for construction of security facilities, prisons and detention centres in areas with high concentration of ethnic minorities. China 6 Nov faced Universal Periodic Review by UN Human Rights Council; thirteen mostly Western countries expressed concern over China’s treatment of minorities, calling on Beijing to release those arbitrarily detained and close camps; China rejected criticism and did not respond to requests to allow independent UN observers into region. Six UN officials 12 Nov penned letter to Beijing describing Xinjiang regulations and justifications for re-education centres as contrary to international human rights law, while group of fifteen Western ambassadors, spearheaded by Canada, co-signed letter to Xinjiang Party Secretary requesting meeting to discuss alleged human rights abuses against ethnic Uighurs; foreign ministry dismissed letter as interference in China’s internal affairs. Coalition of 278 scholars issued statement 26 Nov calling on states and institutions to demand Beijing end detentions and impose sanctions. China’s state media continued to frame camps as necessary and effective response to terrorism and extremism. China’s ambassador to U.S. said any sanctions would draw “proportionate retaliation”, Reuters reported 27 Nov. Chinese state media late Nov reported that authorities in Ningxia province, home to Hui Muslim minority, signed “cooperation anti-terrorism agreement” with officials in Xinjiang, prompting concerns among rights groups of possible spread of crackdown.

China/Japan

Chinese lieutenant-general led military officers responsible for East China Sea on visit to Japan 18-22 Nov; most senior delegation to visit since 2010, showing improving ties. U.S. and Japan held biennial “Keen Sword” Pacific maritime military exercises near Japan 29 Oct-8 Nov, joined by Canada for first time. PM Abe and U.S. VP Pence during 13 Nov meeting in Tokyo announced combined $70bn infrastructure development commitment to Indo-Pacific region, seen as response to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Japanese media 27 Nov reported govt is considering upgrading Japan’s two Izumo-class helicopter carriers to enable them to carry F-35B Lighting fighter jets; plans to acquire more jets; and may build a third such vessel.

Korean Peninsula

Talks between U.S. and North Korea almost ground to a halt with cancellation by North Korea of 7 Nov planned meeting in New York between U.S. Sec State Mike Pompeo and North Korean counterpart Kim Yong-chol. Cancellation of talks followed statement from regime-linked North Korean think-tank floating idea that Pyongyang could restart nuclear activities if sanctions relief is not forthcoming. In interview with U.S. broadcaster 15 Nov, U.S. VP Mike Pence reaffirmed sanctions would stay in place until establishment of roadmap for North Korean denuclearisation, but avoided putting preconditions on holding of second U.S.-North Korea summit, declaring “it is imperative in this next summit that we come away with a plan for identifying all of the weapons … all the development sites, allowing for inspections of those sites and a plan for dismantling the nuclear weapons”. New U.S.-South Korea working group on North Korean issues meeting for first time 20 Nov coordinated UN Security Council waiver allowing joint survey to assess state of rail links between two Koreas; breaking with previous position, U.S. reportedly “expressed full and strong support” for joint survey; according to Sept Pyongyang Declaration, road and rail reconnection work should begin end-Nov/early Dec. U.S. 21 Nov announced planned Foal Eagle military exercise with South Korea early 2019 will be scaled down “to keep it at a level that will not be harmful to diplomacy”. U.S. think-tank CSIS 12 Nov released satellite photos reportedly showing that Pyongyang is maintaining over a dozen missile launch sites.

Taiwan Strait

Commissioning two former U.S. warships for Taiwan’s navy 8 Nov, President Tsai said Taipei “will not retreat an inch” despite warnings from China over deepening defence ties with U.S.. U.S. VP Mike Pence 17 Nov in rare meeting with Taiwan’s representative at APEC said Trump administration will continue to uphold Taiwan Relations Act and “One-China Policy”. Taiwan officials early Nov accused China of trying to influence local elections. Ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) suffered major defeat in 24 Nov local elections, losing key cities to China-friendly opposition Kuomintang (KMT). In response, President Tsai resigned as DPP chair. In 24 Nov referendum, voters rejected proposal to compete as “Taiwan” rather than “Chinese Taipei” at Olympics; name change could have become obstacle to participation. U.S. Navy 29 Nov sent two ships through Taiwan Strait for third time this year, stepping up demonstrations of support for Taipei.

Afghanistan

Taliban made further territorial gains and launched large-scale attacks on previously peaceful areas of Ghazni province, and govt forces suffered heavy casualties in Farah province. Major incidents included Taliban assaults 6-7 Nov and again from 20 Nov on Jaghori district (Ghazni province), overrunning govt positions and reportedly killing at least 30 soldiers; Taliban 28 Nov attacked British security firm, killing six including one Briton. Taliban roadside bomb 26 Nov killed three U.S. soldiers in Ghazni, worst loss of life for U.S. military so far in 2018 in Afghanistan. At least six killed in suicide attack on a demonstration in Kabul 12 Nov claimed by Islamic State-Khorasan Province (IS-KP). In Farah province, Taliban early Nov assaulted govt positions in Pusht-i Kuh, Khok-i Safed and Baka Bluk districts, killing dozens; and 26 Nov killed at least twenty police in ambush near Lash wa Juwayn district. Defence and interior ministers 14 Nov acknowledged serious threats in Ghazni, Ghor, Farah, Uruzgan and Kunduz provinces. Arrest of Hazara militia commander 25 Nov prompted further violent protests in Kabul, forcing govt to release him two days later. Suicide attacker 20 Nov killed at least 50 at gathering of religious scholars near Kabul Airport; Taliban condemned attack. IS-KP claimed responsibility for 23 Nov explosion in mosque in Afghan army base in eastern Khost province, killing at least 26. U.S. airstrike 27 Nov reportedly killed at least 23 civilians in Garmsir district (Helmland province). Delegations from Taliban and Afghanistan’s High Peace Council participated in international peace conference in Moscow 9 Nov, but reported no progress; Afghan delegation restated offer for unconditional direct peace talks with Taliban, while Taliban called intra-Afghan talks premature as long as Taliban are negotiating withdrawal of U.S. forces. U.S. envoy Zalmay Khalilzad held talks with Taliban representatives in Doha 14-16 Nov; Taliban described meetings as “preliminary talks”, said “no agreement was reached on any issue”. President Ghani 28 Nov announced roadmap to peace with Taliban that he said would take at least five years. Complaints about alleged fraud and disenfranchisement during Oct parliamentary elections continued; full preliminary results delayed until 1 Dec.

Bangladesh

Fears heightened over potential for election-related violence in atmosphere of political acrimony and mistrust, amid continuing clashes between opposition supporters and police. Ruling Awami League 8 Nov announced general election for 23 Dec, but four days later moved election date to 30 Dec ostensibly in response to demands from Bangladesh National Party (BNP)-led opposition alliance Jatiya Oikya Front (United National Front, UNF); govt rejected opposition demands to postpone polls by one month and create independent caretaker govt to oversee election. UNF 11 Nov agreed to participate in election “despite prevailing unfavourable conditions” (including continued imprisonment of BNP leader Khaleda Zia) “as part of its movement to restore democracy”. BNP supporters and police clashed in Dhaka 14 Nov, with some 40 people wounded; BNP 11 Nov claimed thousands of its supporters have been arrested since mid-2018 in ongoing govt crackdown. Court 15 Nov granted bail to photographer and activist Shahidul Alam, arrested under internet laws in Aug for criticising govt’s crackdown on student demonstrators. Following late Oct agreement with Myanmar on repatriation of Rohingya refugees (see Myanmar) govt 14 Nov announced voluntary repatriation would begin next day, with 2,260 people scheduled to return in groups of 150 per day; amid refugee protests, disappearance into hiding of many of those due to be repatriated, and international criticism, FM next day said “there is no question of forcible repatriation”, and govt subsequently said it would wait until after elections to decide course on repatriation.

India

Govt deployed 100,000 armed police to secure two-phase Chhattisgarh assembly election 12 and 20 Nov; polls saw 76% turnout despite Maoist boycott and threats. In Chhattisgarh state, four civilians and several security forces and suspected Maoist rebels were killed in clashes during month; group of 62 Maoists 6 Nov surrendered in Narayanpur district. Security forces 5 Nov shot dead five suspected Maoists, including two women, in Malkangiri district, Odisha state. Two suspected female Maoist rebels killed Nov 19 in encounter with security forces in Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra state.

India-Pakistan (Kashmir)

Jammu and Kashmir Governor Satya Pal Malik 21 Nov dissolved state legislative assembly, citing “impossibility of forming a stable government by the coming together of political parties with opposing ideologies”. Election Commission next day said new elections to be held within next six months. Violence in region continued; Indian security forces 30 Oct reported they killed two militants in Tral district, including nephew of Pakistan-based jihadist Jaish-e-Mohammad chief Masood Azhar; 1 Nov killed two suspected militants in Budgam district; 6 Nov killed two suspected militants and 25 Nov killed at least six suspected militants and one civilian youth in Shopian district; six militants killed 23 Nov in gun battle with security forces in Anantnag district. Authorities imposed curfew 2 Nov to forestall religious violence after armed men killed Anil Parihar, ruling BJP’s state secretary and his brother in Kishtwar town previous day. Reported death toll for 2018 – 400 according to Indian army figures – worst in a decade. Pakistani officials said cross-Line of Control (LoC) firing by Indian troops claimed several lives in Azad Jammu and Kashmir bordering villages including one woman killed 2 Nov, and 10 Nov critically injured five civilians. In wake of ceasefire violations in recent months, Indian and Pakistan armies 23 Nov held brigade commander-level meeting at Poonch-Rawlakote border crossing to recommit to 2003 ceasefire agreement. India 22 Nov approved building of new border entry point and road connecting northern State of Punjab to border with Pakistan, making it easier for Sikh pilgrims to visit holy site. India 23 Nov protested harassment and denial of access to their Islamabad-based High Commission officials at two centres of worship near Lahore to meet Indian pilgrims visiting Pakistan under 1974 Bilateral Protocol.

Maldives

During his swearing in ceremony 17 Nov, President Solih vowed to end corruption, investigate human rights violations allegedly committed under former President Yameen and restore justice.

Nepal

Criticism of Nepal Communist Party (NCP)-led govt continued to grow over its slow performance and increasing lack of transparency. Govt widely criticised for violating working procedure and not disclosing decisions taken in 11 Nov Council of Ministers meeting; media representatives described move as latest in effort to curb press freedom. PM K.P. Oli also initiated performance evaluation of his cabinet amid calls for a reshuffle. Oli was criticised for glorifying himself in bid to highlight govt’s progress with full front-page advertisements featuring his photo across most major newspapers 27 Nov to roll out new Social Security policy; policy was first announced in 2009. Concerns raised by reports that govt is considering broadening National Intelligence Department mandate to allow intelligence-gathering on cabinet members, constitutional bodies, and non-state agencies. Senior NCP leaders frustrated with delays in holding meeting of party’s Standing Committee to address increasing internal dissent, which grew over lack of consultation on recent ambassadorial appointments. Rift between federal and provincial govts regarding devolution of power widened following 4 Nov circular that new civil service staff for provincial and local govt would be recruited at federal level. Human rights activists called on govt to press Myanmar State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi to ensure safe return of Rohingya refugees during 29-30 Nov visit to Kathmandu for Asia Pacific Summit; Nepal one of 26 countries to abstain from voting on 16 Nov UN General Assembly resolution condemning human rights violations in Myanmar including against Rohingya Muslims.

Pakistan

Supreme Court’s 31 Oct acquittal of Aasia Masih “Bibi”, Christian woman sentenced to death in 2010 for blasphemy, prompted violent protests countrywide by Islamist groups, spearheaded by Tehreek-i-Labaik Pakistan (TLP), political front of hardline Barelvi Tehreek-i-Labaik Ya Rasool Allah. Protests ended 2 Nov after ruling Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) struck deal with TLP, pledging to prevent Bibi from leaving Pakistan, not oppose review petition against Supreme Court judgment, and reportedly release religious activists detained for violent acts; perceived govt capitulation raised concerns that radical Islamist parties and groups would be further emboldened. Police arrested TLP leader Khadim Hussain Rizvi 13 Nov to “safeguard public life, property and order” after he refused to withdraw call for further protests; over 300 Rizvi supporters arrested in violent clashes with police. Amid ongoing economic downturn govt continued to seek external support including assistance from China and International Monetary Fund bailout package; 20 Nov received $1bn from Saudi Arabia, part of controversial support package agreed in Oct. Relations with U.S. worsened as President Trump in 18 Nov interview accused Pakistan of doing “nothing” for U.S. and assisting Afghan Taliban, prompting Khan to accuse U.S. of using Pakistan as “scapegoat for their failures” in Afghanistan. Several security personnel killed in ongoing attacks including in North Waziristan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Pakistani cleric and mentor of Afghan Taliban, Maulana Samiul Haq, killed in Rawalpindi, Punjab 2 Nov. Pakistani Taliban claimed responsibility for 17 Nov killing of ex-deputy inspector general of police in Quetta, Balochistan. Police 23 Nov killed three suspected suicide bombers attempting to attack Chinese consulate in Karachi; two police and two Pakistani civilians also killed in attack, claimed by separatist Balochistan Liberation Army; PM Khan ordered inquiry, calling attack “conspiracy” against strategic China-Pakistan cooperation. Explosion at market in Kalaya, Orakzai district shortly after killed at least 35; Islamic State (ISIS) claimed responsibility.

Sri Lanka

Month saw continued political paralysis and volatility amid strong resistance to President Sirisena’s unexpected and unconstitutional late Oct move to sack PM Wickremesinghe and install ex-president Mahinda Rajapaksa as PM. With Rajapaksa unable to secure parliamentary majority, Sirisena 9 Nov announced dissolution of parliament and called new parliamentary elections 5 Jan, violating constitutional provisions. More than a dozen petitioners challenged Sirisena’s decision in Supreme Court, which 13 Nov placed interim stay on dissolution and called further hearings early Dec. Parliament reconvened 14 Nov, passing no confidence motion against Rajapaksa by voice vote after pro-Rajapaksa United People’s Freedom Alliance (UPFA) MPs prevented roll-call vote; Rajapaksa and Sirisena rejected vote’s validity. United National Party (UNP) 15 Nov proposed second no confidence motion; UPFA MPs again disrupted proceedings and forced early adjournment. Violence broke out 16 Nov as Rajapaksa supporters threw chairs, cushions, books and chilli-laced water at speaker and police protecting him; majority of MPs rejected Rajapaksa in another voice-vote, again rejected by Rajapaksa and Sirisena. UPFA 18 Nov agreed to roll-call vote but next day refused to honour agreement. With UPFA boycotting, parliament 29 Nov passed UNP motion to deny funding to PM’s office as long as Rajapaksa holds office without parliamentary majority. Popular protests continued with tens of thousands marching in support of Rajapaksa 6 Nov, large pro-UNP rally 15 Nov. Amid warnings of long-term economic damage, rupee fell to record low and ratings agencies 20 Nov downgraded country’s credit. Foreign governments increased pressure on govt: EU ambassador told reporters 1 Nov GSP+ trade benefits, restored in 2017, were at risk if constitution not respected; Japan announced suspension of large development assistance package; and U.S. announced $500mn aid was on hold; International Monetary Fund suspended ongoing currency support program pending political clarity.

Indonesia

Month saw further reports of clashes between military and pro-independence movement West Papua Liberation Army in Papua province’s Highlands; two Liberation Army fighters reported killed in clash with police and soldiers in Lanny Jaya district 3 Nov, after shooting dead a man they believed was spying for military. Police reportedly arbitrarily arrested over peaceful 100 pro-independence activists in Jayapura 19 Nov, releasing them next day. National Intelligence Agency reported findings that imams at dozens of mosques, including some in Jakarta attended by civil servants, were expressing support or sympathy for Islamic State (ISIS) and encouraging congregants to fight for it; also noted signs of radicalisation at university campuses.

Myanmar

Concerns continued over possible forced repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh, while ethnic peace process appeared to enter fragile stage ahead of dry season with spike in fighting and all sides losing confidence in the current peace process. Fighting among ethnic armed organisations spiked in Shan state, specifically between Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS) and Shan State Army North (SSA-N), and between RCSS and Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA); two largest armed groups’ suspension of participation in ethnic peace process (Karen National Union late Oct and RCSS 2 Nov) dealt significant blow. Following 30 Oct agreement between Myanmar and Bangladesh to proceed with limited repatriation of Rohingya refugees, planned return of some 2,260 scheduled to begin 15 Nov did not proceed after no one was willing to return; Bangladesh stated it will not proceed with repatriations until after its elections 30 Dec (see Bangladesh). UN and aid organisations had strongly criticised plan. Several reports emerged of refugees, fearful of forced returns, resuming dangerous boat journeys across Bay of Bengal, possibly aided by organised smuggling operations. On sidelines of ASEAN summit 11-15 Nov, Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad again criticised State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and govt’s oppression of Rohingya; summit outcome statement 15 Nov stated need for accountability and creation of conditions in Rakhine state conducive for refugee returns. In 14 Nov meeting with Suu Kyi, U.S. VP Mike Pence called for progress on accountability for violence against Rohingya and for pardon of two Reuters journalists jailed in 2017. Govt criticised UN General Assembly’s 16 Nov resolution which endorsed UN Fact-Finding Mission’s report and establishment of Independent Mechanism to prepare prosecutorial files. With possibility of end to EU’s Everything But Arms preferential trade scheme and pursuant uncertainty over future of garment industry reportedly having serious effect on business and investor sentiment, EU delegation visited early Nov to assess human rights environment.

Philippines

Preparations continued for Jan plebiscite on Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), while violence involving Islamic State (ISIS)-linked groups and New People’s Army (NPA) persisted. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) leader Murad Ebrahim visited national army HQ 19 Nov, reciprocating Oct visit by army chief of staff to MILF camp; during visit, MILF and military leaders discussed security preparations for 21 Jan plebiscite on creation of new Bangsamoro region through ratification of BOL, campaigning for which starts 7 Dec. Earlier, Moro National Liberation Front in 29 Oct meeting with Presidential Peace Adviser Jesus Dureza reiterated support for BOL and pledged to conduct information, education and communications campaign in their communities to support yes vote. Local officials in Maguindanao 8 Nov pledged support for joint security plan signed by police and army late Oct to tackle bomb attacks by ISIS-linked groups in region, which continued to clash with military during month; military late Nov announced operations to target militants ahead of plebiscite. As attacks blamed on communist NPA insurgent group continued, and peace talks remain stalled, govt 22 Nov authorised deployment of more police and military personnel in central provinces of Samar, Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental and Bicol Region; later clarified order was not a prelude to declaration of martial law. Philippines Commission on Human Rights warned move could worsen situation and govt “should address the roots of violence and crime” to stop cycle of violence. Clashes with NPA also reported in Quezon and Aurora (north), Misamis Occidental (Mindanao), Iloilo (centre). Presidential palace 1 Nov announced creation of national task force to address communist insurgency. Discussion over whether to extend martial law in Mindanao beyond 31 Dec continued, with military recommending extension, citing ongoing threat from terrorism and NPA and support from some local govt officials. Presidential Peace Adviser Dureza resigned 27 Nov following corruption allegations against two officials in his office. Govt 20 Nov signed bilateral cooperation agreement with China.

South China Sea

U.S.-China rivalry and South China Sea (SCS) territorial disputes kept tensions high at Asia-Pacific meetings during month, while military exercises continued, and China signed bilateral cooperation agreements with Brunei and Philippines. U.S. Sec Defense James Mattis 9 Nov for first time publicly called on China to “withdraw its missile systems from disputed features” during U.S.-China Diplomatic and Security Dialogue in Washington, said there would be no lessening of freedom of navigation operations (FONOPs); Chinese official criticised FONOPs as “excuse to pursue military actions” and described China’s island bases as necessary response to threat; in rare positive note, both committed to improve communication, including developing military-to-military Crisis Deconfliction and Communication Framework. At ASEAN summit in Singapore mid-Nov, Chinese Premier Li called for “non-littoral countries” to respect China-ASEAN efforts for peace and stability; U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton 13 Nov said U.S. would oppose any agreements limiting free passage in SCS. U.S. Navy cruiser 26 Nov sailed through Paracel Islands, drawing complaint from China over challenge to its maritime claims. China 1 Nov confirmed it is operating weather stations on features it controls in disputed Spratly archipelago; rival claimant Vietnam lodged formal protest. Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative 20 Nov released satellite imagery showing new Chinese platform at Bombay Reef in Paracel Islands, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam. Japan’s PM Abe continued efforts to balance China’s regional influence, including agreeing to $1.8bn bond deal assisting Malaysia and strengthening economic and security cooperation with Australia, Japan, U.S. and India (see China-Japan). U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission 14 Nov report warned of China’s “expansionist strategy” and accelerated capacity to contest U.S. militarily. Head of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command expressed similar concerns, called for larger navy and shifting ballistic missile defence systems onshore to free up capacity. U.S. conducted naval exercises with Brunei in SCS; announced “complex warfare operations” by two U.S. warships in Philippine Sea 15 Nov; flew B-52 bombers near SCS 19 Nov. China reportedly launched project to build unmanned deep-sea submarine science and defence base in SCS. Xi and Trump met at G20 summit in Argentina 30 Nov-1 Dec.

Thailand

Violence continued in Deep South and uncertainty continued over date for general election. In Deep South, attackers 17 Nov fired grenades and small arms rounds at Ranger base in Nong Chik district, Pattani; no casualties. Two motorcycle-borne gunmen shot dead man at tea shop in Bannang Sata district, Yala 18 Nov. On 25 Nov, two defence volunteers and assistant village head were killed in gun attack at a market in Thepa district, Songkhla; bomb attack on ranger patrol in Yaha district, Yala, injured one; and six attackers shot at rangers and defence volunteers in Rangae district, Narathiwat, no injuries. Southern Border Provinces Administrative Centre 23 Oct reported that violent incidents in southernmost provinces have declined by 70% since 2011, with only 140 incidents to date in 2018 compared to 619 in 2011. National Security Council 20 Nov announced lifting of state of emergency – in effect in most districts in Deep South since 2005 – in Narathiwat province’s Sukhirin district, and imposition of 2008 Internal Security Act, in view of improved security situation. Govt yet to declare official date for general election, widely presumed to be 24 Feb 2019. PM Prayuth Chan-ocha 17 Nov invoked Article 44 of 2014 Interim Constitution to give Electoral Commission (EC) power to redraw constituency boundaries, amid complaints over lack of public consultation and EC’s perceived lack of independence, seen as likely to benefit pro-regime parties. New constituency boundaries published in Royal Gazette 29 Nov.

Papua New Guinea

At 1 Nov meeting Australian and PNG PMs agreed on joint redevelopment plan for Lombrum Naval Base on Manus Island; U.S. 17 Nov said it will support redevelopment. On sidelines of 17-18 Nov APEC summit in Papua New Guinea, both Australian and Chinese leaders hosted meetings with Pacific Island nation leaders.

Bosnia And Herzegovina

Republika Srpska entity set up new “Council for the Protection of Constitutional Order” to monitor threats to its constitution and jurisdiction, seen by some as a move toward creating an entity-level security and intelligence service.

Kosovo

Tensions increased with Serbia and within Kosovo after govt imposed customs tariff on Serbian imports. PM Haradinaj 6 Nov announced new 10% customs tariff on imports from Bosnia and Serbia, citing their “negative behaviour” including lack of recognition, alleged threats from Serbia against members of Kosovo Security Force members, and Bosnia blocking goods from Kosovo. Serbia and Bosnia, both with large trade surpluses with Kosovo, criticised move, which Belgrade said undermined EU-facilitated dialogue. Kosovo and Serbian leaders exchanged angry remarks after latest round of EU-mediated talks 8 Nov (first since July); Serbian President Vucic said Kosovo must lift tariff before dialogue can proceed, and said move by Pristina to build army violated earlier agreements. Pristina 21 Nov raised customs tariff to 100% to protect country’s “vital interest” in response to alleged “aggressive campaign” by Belgrade, which it claimed had influenced decision by international police agency Interpol previous day to again reject Kosovo’s membership. EU and U.S. called on Kosovo to lift tariff, which EU foreign policy chief Mogherini warned is “clear violation” of regional trade agreement Cefta “and the spirit of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the EU and Kosovo”; Haradinaj 29 Nov said tariff on Serbian imports would remain until Serbia recognises Kosovo’s independence and stops blocking its membership of international organisations. Mayors of four Serb majority municipalities in northern Kosovo resigned 27 Nov in protest at tariff hike and said their municipalities would end communication with Kosovo govt institutions; also complained of “brutal” police operation 23 Nov arresting three Kosovo Serbs allegedly linked to Jan 2018 murder of Kosovo Serb politician Oliver Ivanovic. Hundreds of Kosovo Serbs rallied in Mitrovica same day. In media interview 9 Nov President Thaci said any agreement in dialogue with Serbia would not involve redrawing borders along ethnic lines; said “armed forces of Kosovo will be created”.

North Macedonia

Police issued arrest warrant for former PM Gruevski after court 9 Nov rejected his final appeal against two-year jail sentence for conviction on corruption charges. Gruevski reportedly fled Macedonia 11 Nov through Albania, Montenegro and Serbia to Hungary, where govt granted him political asylum despite Macedonia’s request to deny him asylum and extradite him. Govt 2 Nov submitted four draft constitutional amendments to parliament, part of process to implement name agreement with Greece. Several thousand people protested in Skopje against name deal with Greece 18 Nov and 28 Nov organised by opposition. First passenger flight in twelve years between Greece and Macedonia landed in Skopje 1 Nov.

Armenia

Parliament dissolved 1 Nov ahead of snap parliamentary elections to take place 9 Dec. Tensions increased with Belarus, which proposed taking chairmanship of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) ahead of schedule after Armenia recalled its official who has been charged with overthrowing constitutional order in 2008, part of ongoing criminal investigations into post-election crackdown. CSTO members were unable to reach final decision on candidacy of the next chair at 8 Nov meeting, to continue discussion at 6 Dec session.

Azerbaijan

Security forces 4 Nov killed two alleged religious extremists in shootout in second-largest city, Ganja, who were alleged to be planning terrorist attack. Police 17 Nov detained 52 and arrested eleven members of opposition Popular Front Party for holding unsanctioned political march; eight of the eleven were released with administrative fines two days later, three sentenced to twenty-day administrative arrests.

Armenian-Azerbaijani Conflict

Armenia and Azerbaijan continued efforts to exercise restraint in conflict zone, using newly-established communication channel to manage incidents on line of contact. During 28 Nov pre-election rally in Tavush province, acting Armenian PM Pashinyan, who heads electoral list of the My Step alliance, said that Armenia used communication channel to discuss fate of one Armenian citizen detained in Azerbaijan in July. Efforts by both sides to secure release of prisoners (at least three on each side), which some hope could help further build trust, leaked to press early Nov; sides remain unable to agree on conditions. De facto NK President Bako Sahakyan visited France 15 Nov, U.S. 16 Nov and Russia 24 Nov, taking part in annual fundraising events hosted by local Armenian diaspora organisations; Baku strongly criticised Paris, Washington and Moscow for granting entry permits, 24 Nov said such visits by “‘head’ of the illegal regime” to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Minsk Group co-chair countries “can lead to an unpredictable development of the situation around the conflict”; said Armenian side would bear entire responsibility.

Georgia

Second round of presidential elections between ruling party-endorsed candidate and former French diplomat Salome Zourabishvili and opposition coalition’s Grigol Vashadze 28 Nov resulted in victory for Zourabishvili, who gained 59.62% of votes, almost doubling her first-round result; Vashadze finished worse than predicted with 40.38%. Zourabishvili becomes first woman to hold Georgian presidency in permanent capacity. Ahead of second round, local watchdogs complained about vote buying and intimidation of voters, especially when govt promised to write off debts of 600,000 citizens one week prior to election. Opposition refused to accept election results, planning street protests early Dec to reinforce its call for early parliamentary elections. Preliminary joint post-election statements from Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and European Parliament 29 Nov stated that second round was “competitive and candidates were able to campaign freely”, stressed that “one side enjoyed an undue advantage and the negative character of the campaign on both sides undermined the process”.

Russia (Internal)

Tensions continued over controversial late Sept border agreement between Chechnya and Ingushetia. Ingush law enforcement 17 Nov detained four activists in territory transferred to Chechnya. Protesters rallied in Nazran 27 Nov as Russia’s Constitutional Court began examining legality of land deal; several activists detained in St Petersburg 26-27 Nov in sporadic shows of support to Ingush people. Sixteen members of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 2 Nov triggered Moscow Mechanism to establish fact-finding mission in Chechnya amid reports of “antigay purge” and human rights violations against independent journalists and activists. Unidentified woman 17 Nov blew herself up near police checkpoint in Chechen capital Grozny; no others injured. Three suspected religious extremists reported killed in shootout with security forces and one detained in Maisky district, Kabardino-Balkaria 30 Nov.

Moldova

European Parliament 14 Nov passed resolution stating Moldova has become “state captured by oligarchic interests” and citing concern over democratic backsliding, shrinking space for civil society and other issues; said future EU aid should take only once Feb 2019 parliamentary elections are conducted in line with international standards. European Commission 15 Nov announced it was cutting financial assistance to Moldova by €20mn annually in 2017 and 2018 due to concerns about rule of law and democratic backsliding; also said €100mn in macro financial assistance suspended indefinitely. EU called for action on voiding of mayoral elections in capital and 2014 disappearance of funds from banks.

Ukraine

Incident involving Russian and Ukrainian naval vessels in Azov Sea late month exacerbated tensions between Kyiv and Moscow, while in Donbas hostilities continued. Russian border patrol 25 Nov attacked Ukrainian naval vessels near Kerch Strait; three Ukrainian servicemen injured, three vessels and 24 servicemen captured; incident believed to constitute Russia’s first overt and uncontested use of force against Ukraine since 2014 annexation of Crimea. In statement to UN Security Council next day, Russia accused Kyiv of “very serious provocation”. Moscow said it would charge captured sailors with violating Russia’s state borders. Ukraine said its vessels acted according to 2003 treaty granting free access to Azov Sea; were attacked in international waters. EU urged Russia to restore freedom of passage and both sides to act with restraint; U.S. accused Russia of reckless escalation, President Trump cancelled meeting with President Putin. Ukrainian govt 26 Nov announced martial law for 30 days starting 28 Nov in ten provinces bordering Russia, Azov and Black Seas, and Moldova’s Russian-allied breakaway area, Transnistria, and 30 Nov banned male Russian nationals aged sixteen-60 from entering country during martial law. Fighting continued in east as peacekeeping talks remained stuck. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) recorded daily average of 120 explosions, down slightly from Oct. Ukrainian army reported increase in casualties with nine soldiers killed 1-29 Nov; separatist forces reported eight killed; one civilian killed and three injured. Candidates backed by Kremlin claimed victory in elections in Russian-backed separatist entities 11 Nov that Kyiv and allies consider illegal. Tensions grew ahead of final moves to establish self-governing Ukrainian Orthodox Church, opposed by Ukrainian branch of Moscow Patriarchate; amid concerns over possible reallocation of worship sites, unidentified attackers 15 Nov threw two Molotov cocktails on prominent Kyiv church in Kyiv given to Ecumenical Patriarchate. Death of anti-corruption activist Kateryna Handziuk 4 Nov following acid attack late July sparked public demands for more effective law enforcement investigation into her assault. Presidential candidate Anatoliy Hrytsenko attacked by group of masked men in Odesa 28 Nov.

Cyprus

Tensions over hydrocarbon exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean increased. Turkey’s drilling vessel Fatih 31 Oct started first deep drilling activities off coast of Antalya. Turkish govt spokesperson 1 Nov said Turkish Armed Forces ready to retaliate if Republic of Cyprus continued to claim rights over Block 7, for which Republic of Cyprus invited international bids in Oct. Prospects for relaunching talks between Greek Cypriot president and Turkish Cypriot leader remained dim despite intense efforts by UN, with persistent disagreement over what type of govt they could work toward. Both sides 12 Nov opened two new checkpoints along the UN buffer zone separating them, in line with 26 Oct agreement.

Türkiye

Month saw continued security operations against Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in south east Turkey and northern Iraq, and crackdown on Kurdish movement representatives and individuals suspected to have links to PKK as well as human rights activists; tensions in Turkey-U.S. relations still run high, though month marked cooperation in some areas. Military operations against PKK in south east saw fatalities slightly higher than previous month, concentrated in rural areas of Şırnak and Hakkari. Interior ministry 2 Nov announced police in Oct had detained 687 suspects and arrested 125 for alleged links to PKK. Authorities detained at least 40 members of pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP) and sister Democratic Regions’ Party (DBP) in Mersin, Batman, Ankara, Izmir and Istanbul. U.S. embassy 6 Nov announced a $12mn reward for information on three leading PKK figures; govt called decision “positive, but belated”, signifying effort to “mask” U.S. support for Kurdish People’s Protection Units (YPG) in Syria. 26 Nov establishment of five U.S. military observation posts in north-east Syria raised concern in Ankara over U.S. backing for YPG. Increased U.S.-Turkey cooperation also included 1 Nov launch of joint patrols in Manbij; mutual lifting of sanctions on ministers 2 Nov; and U.S. decision 5 Nov to exempt Turkey from sanctions on imports of Iranian crude oil; but differences remain including over north-east Syria and Ankara’s purchase of Russian S-400 missile systems. Crackdown on Islamic State (ISIS) continued; military 6 Nov reportedly detained 24 suspected ISIS sympathisers in simultaneous operations in Diyarbakır province. Govt crackdown on human rights activists intensified, with authorities 16 Nov detaining thirteen activists and staff of NGOs on – among others – charges of “deepening and spreading Gezi protests”; twelve released pending trial after interrogation, one arrested, prompting strong criticism from EU institutions and member states.

Kazakhstan

Amid ongoing reports of harassment and detention of ethnic Kazakhs in “re-education” camps in China’s Xinjiang province, 50 schoolchildren gathered in Almaty 2 Nov calling for authorities and international human rights organisations to press for release of their parents.

Kyrgyzstan

Tensions continued between President Jeenbekov and former President Atambayev; Atambayev in 19 Nov television interview publicly criticised President Jeenbekov and called govt’s anti-corruption campaign “a show”. Authorities 2 Nov detained five foreigners and four Kyrgyz citizens suspected of being members of international terrorist organisation. Responding to appeal by relatives of ethnic Kyrgyz reportedly detained in China’s Xinjiang region as part of mass internment of Muslims, Foreign Minister Chingiz Aidarbekov 27 Nov told media that govt was monitoring issue (see China (internal)).

Tajikistan

Riot broke out in high-security prison in northern city Khujand 7 Nov; Islamic State (ISIS) claimed responsibility. Govt said 21 rioters were killed, along with two prison officers; media reported six prison guards including department chief arrested, and reported dozens of inmates killed. Court 21 Nov convicted Husein Abdusamadov of murder for July attack killing four foreign cyclists, sentenced him to life in prison. President Rahmon 16 Nov inaugurated controversial new Roghun hydroelectric power plant, longstanding source of tension with former Uzbek President Karimov. State Committee for National Security 13 Nov confirmed arrest of twelve alleged ISIS members suspected of plotting attack on Russian military base.

Turkmenistan

Reports continued of bread shortages and growing concern among population over end of free natural gas, water and electricity starting in Jan 2019, declared by President Berdymukhammedov in Sept.

Uzbekistan

At EU-Uzbekistan Cooperation Council meeting in Brussels 22 Nov, Austrian FM said as representative of rotating EU presidency that “overall human rights situation” in Uzbekistan has improved. Unregistered Uzbek opposition group Birdomlik People’s Democratic Movement said Uzbek authorities had prevented its members from travelling to southern Kazakhstan to hold party congress mid Nov. Defence ministry announced start of large-scale military exercises 26 Nov.

Colombia

National Liberation Army (ELN) guerrilla group increased attacks, prompting fears govt will abandon the currently-suspended peace process, while Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) dissident groups continued to clash with security forces and each other. Increased ELN attacks during month included bombing of bridge and clash with army in César province (north), injuring five civilians. ELN 8 Nov bombed Caño Limón, Colombia’s longest oil pipeline, in north east, following similar attack in Oct. ELN 13 Nov released one of reported four remaining kidnap victims in Arauca province (east), following reported extortion payment by family; govt continued to demand release of hostages and cessation of criminal activities to restart negotiations with group. ELN continued attacks against security forces in Venezuela, killing three, in sign of guerrillas’ expanding operations (see Venezuela). In continuing FARC dissident violence, in Caquetá province (south), army 5 Nov killed dissident commander alias “Humberto Mora”. Conflict between most powerful dissident group United Pacific Guerrillas (GUP, led by alias “Borojó”) and dissident Oliver Sinisterra front (FOS, led by alias “Guacho”) continued in south west. In Tumaco, landmine placed by FOS killed civilian taking part in eradication of coca crops 16 Nov. Political killings of activists continued, including murder of Edilberto Niño Cristancho, union leader stabbed to death by unidentified assailants in Villavicencio, Meta province (centre) 4 Nov.

El Salvador

Authorities in cooperation with regional counterparts 6 Nov detained 340 alleged gang members including two heads of MS-13 and 18th Street gangs, and captured another MS-13 leader 9 Nov; gangs targeted security forces in response to govt’s anti-gang operations with soldier killed during clashes 31 Oct, bringing total of members of army and police killed by gangs in 2018 to 28. Lawmakers 16 Nov elected four new magistrates to Supreme Court’s Constitutional Chamber after four-month delay. Salvadorans joined “migrant caravans” heading toward U.S. late Oct-early Nov with largest group of 2,000 leaving 31 Oct; NGO Cristosal 5 Nov said 1,672 people had been internally displaced by armed violence in 2018.

Guatemala

Govt continued campaign against International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), which has been preparing case and possible charges against President Morales and others for illicit electoral financing. VP Jafeth Cabrera 20 Nov said govt will resist external pressure to renew CICIG mandate. Tensions increased between govt and Constitutional Court (CC, which ruled against govt’s decision not to grant CICIG head re-entry as unconstitutional) with some 50 members of Congress drafting bill to dissolve court via popular referendum, although unlikely to gain majority support for the measure.  CICIG and attorney general late Oct detained former interior minister and four top former police officers on charges of operating extrajudicial executions 2004-2007; deputy interior minister, also reportedly implicated in case, resigned and went into hiding 29 Oct. Congress 27 Nov approved 2019 budget cutting funds to Human Rights Ombudsman office; next day approved series of measures that some believe will favour impunity. Morales 5 Nov met with Honduran President Hernández to address “migrant caravan” and urged Mexico, U.S. and El Salvadoran authorities to investigate its origins and identify those responsible.

Haiti

Renewed wave of violence as anti-corruption protests gripped country 18-23 Nov and led to declaration of general strike lasting several days, demanding President Moïse’s resignation; at least nine people died during widespread rioting and clashes with police; govt vehicle reportedly knocked down and killed six people 21 Nov. Moïse 21 Nov called for dialogue with opposition, opposition continued to insist on Moïse’s resignation. Govt dismissed eighteen officials since late Oct suspected of involvement with alleged PetroCaribe fraud, called for independent commission to investigate missing funds, however civil society declined to participate citing lack of progress in existing efforts. Haitians continued to leave country en masse while others face deportation from countries including Dominican Republic and Chile.

Honduras

UN-backed political dialogue between govt and opposition entered new phase as working groups resumed 26 Nov, focused on human rights, electoral process, constitutional reform and institutional strengthening; UN coordinator 17 Nov gave positive assessment of last two months of dialogue saying some agreements had been made on electoral reform and human rights. Following migrant “caravan” headed to U.S. in Oct, govt 19 Nov announced 7,000 migrants had returned voluntarily since 23 Oct launch of its $25mn plan to return migrants safely and provide temporary employment (although unclear how many were part of “caravan”).  Despite overall reduction in homicide rate, spate of killings 18 Nov saw fifteen murders in cities La Ceiba and El Progreso (north). Month saw important developments in fight against corruption as Organization of American States (OAS)-backed Mission against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH) and Attorney General (AG) 5 Nov charged officials in former President Lobo’s administration with fraud and embezzlement; AG 8 Nov launched nationwide operation against corruption in local govt and health institutions, leading to 377 arrests. Former lawmaker ‘Tony’ Hernández, brother of President Hernández, was arrested in Miami airport 23 Nov accused of drug-trafficking.

Mexico

Incoming govt’s new National Peace and Security Plan prompted concerns it could further cement dependence of public security provision on armed forces, while violence perpetrated by small armed groups continued. Ahead of assuming office 1 Dec, President-elect López Obrador (AMLO) 14 Nov released National Peace and Security Plan including creation of National Guard formed by members of army, navy and federal police alongside 50,000 new recruits; division of country into 266 regions under operational command of armed forces; and stricter human rights training and supervision. AMLO 16 Nov announced he would seek constitutional changes to allow National Guard to control public security, after Supreme Court previous day declared 2017 Law of Internal Security unconstitutional for placing public security provision under control of armed forces. UN human rights representative and NGOs said plan would increase militarisation of public security and urged govt to reconsider. Security Plan also prioritises fight against corruption; shifts priorities away from combating drug trafficking groups head-on to crimes causing greater harm like extortion; and reformulating counter-narcotic efforts toward greater focus on social polices including helping public health efforts and combating drug use, potentially including decriminalisation of drugs. Violence continued across country, including clashes between criminal groups and targeted killings of politicians and indigenous land rights activists; clashes between rival gangs in municipality of Leonardo Barvo, Guerrero state (south) displaced some 2,000 people, some of whom were shot at while fleeing despite being accompanied by security forces, politicians and media. Some 5,000 Central American migrants and refugees in “caravans” seeking asylum in U.S. arrived in Tijuana, Baja California state (north west), where locals reportedly threw stones at them; U.S. border guards 25 Nov fired tear gas at around 500 migrants who tried to break through border at Tijuana. Tijuana mayor 23 Nov declared humanitarian crisis in town and asked for UN help. Group of 100 migrants disappeared in Veracruz 5 Nov, reportedly handed over by traffickers to criminal groups. Mexico, U.S. and Canadian leaders 30 Nov signed U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).

Nicaragua

Protests continued in face of ongoing govt repression, arbitrary arrests and secretive trials against opposition activists, eroding support for President Ortega’s govt and stoking tensions with international community. Various organisations gave estimates of political prisoner numbers between 400 and 600; govt 5 Nov recognised only 273 prisoners. Former official of ruling Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) party 19 Nov admitted in media interview that govt’s response to outbreak of protests was to repress them via any available means. Nicaraguan Human Rights Centre (Cenidh) and others reported trials being held without public scrutiny and using dubious testimony. Anti-govt coalition attempted to improve coordination; activists 30 Oct created Blue and White National Unity alliance, while Nicaraguan exiles in Costa Rica created UNE-CR union aimed at increasing international pressure on govt to restore human rights and democracy. However, opposition remained divided over whether to participate in March 2019 regional elections. Tensions between govt and international community continued: President Ortega 9 Nov accused European and U.S. NGOs of training “coup” plotters and being accomplices of failed coup attempt; and cancelled his participation in Ibero-American Summit in Guatemala mid-Nov; U.S. Senate 27 Nov passed Nicaragua Human Rights and Anticorruption Act, now to be discussed in House; Trump same day signed executive order imposing sanctions on VP Murillo and national security adviser Néstor Moncada Lau. Thousands continued to emigrate; Inter-American Commission of Human Rights 1 Nov reported 52,000 Nicaraguans had entered Costa Rica Jan-Sept, though not all fleeing violence. Economic conditions continued to worsen; reported exports down and GDP anticipated to contract further in 2019.

Venezuela

Amid ongoing economic and social crisis and international isolation further reports emerged of splits in both govt and opposition, with reported divisions between govt factions over new constitution supposedly being drafted by National Constituent Assembly (ANC). ANC head Diosado Cabello, who is seen as rival to President Maduro, 12 Nov said there was still no draft, while some factions say only minor reform needed; followed Maduro’s late-Oct dismissal of head of intelligence service and Cabello ally Gen. González López. Opposition remained hampered by internal disputes. Opposition-controlled National Assembly 6 Nov approved motion of censure against former Spanish PM Zapatero for his efforts to mediate talks between govt and opposition, however almost half MPs opposed motion, arguing it would damage relations with Spain; hardline opposition branded them “traitors” and “collaborationists”, prompting criticism from former opposition presidential candidate Henrique Capriles. But majority of National Assembly members 13 Nov approved resolution favouring negotiated solution, and signs emerged that handover of Assembly presidency 5 Jan from one party to another may proceed as agreed. Frente Amplio opposition front held successful congress 26 Nov in another sign of possible restoration of partial opposition unity. However, 27 Nov sentencing in U.S. of former state treasurer Alejandro Andrade for corruption brought spate of allegations from opposition hardliners that their moderate rivals had received part of Andrade’s spoils. Colombia’s second guerrilla group National Liberation Army (ELN) attacked  National Guard in Puerto Ayacucho on Colombia-Venezuela border 4 Nov, killing at least three; opposition accuses govt of forging alliance with ELN to control illegal mining. Humanitarian and economic crisis continued; UN 8 Nov updated its previous Oct assessment of Venezuelans who had left country since 2015 from 1.9mn to 3mn, while International Monetary Fund estimated inflation rate of 1.2mn% by end of 2018. U.S. 1 Nov announced new sanctions including ban on U.S. citizens trading Venezuelan gold.

Burundi

Military launched reprisal attacks against armed opposition group in eastern DR Congo (DRC) and President Nkurunziza refused to meet visiting African Union (AU) official and attend regional summit. Following attacks by armed opposition group RED-TABARA based in eastern DRC on military position in west late Oct, army launched attacks in DRC 1-2 Nov reportedly damaging rebels’ camps and forcing them to flee. Govt denied incursion into DRC. Congolese security forces arrested Burundian soldier at Sange, in DRC’s South Kivu province and reportedly handed him over to Burundian army on border 6 Nov, and arrested three other Burundian soldiers for secretly entering Lusenda refugee camp, which shelters Burundian refugees. After govt, ruling party and allied parties late Oct boycotted fifth and final round of inter-Burundian dialogue aimed at resolving political crisis triggered by Nkurunziza’s 2015 decision to stand for third term, facilitator former Tanzanian President Mkapa said he had concluded his mission and reported to mediator Ugandan President Museveni. Govt rejected raft of reforms proposed by opposition parties who attended dialogue. Opposition and civil society called on AU and UN to take over process. AU Commissioner for Peace and Security Smaël Chergui and former CAR President Samba Panza met govt officials in Bujumbura 5-7 Nov to encourage authorities to take part in inclusive dialogue; Nkurunziza refused to meet them, citing busy agenda. Govt did not attend East African Community (EAC) ministerial meeting 28 Nov and Nkurunziza refused to attend or send representative to EAC heads of state summit planned for 30 Nov-1 Dec; summit postponed sine die as Burundi’s absence meant quorum not reached. Govt 8 Nov rejected Sept application by main in-country opposition leader Agathon Rwasa to create new party, citing latter’s intention to use acronyms, emblem and motto of existing party. Govt 5 Nov said it had re-registered 25 NGOs following National Security Council’s late Sept suspension of all NGOs.

Cameroon

Opposition leaders continued to reject President Biya’s win in Oct poll, in west Anglophone separatists continued to attack state representatives and kidnap students as military pursued deadly counter offensive, and in Far North Boko Haram (BH) attacks continued at low ebb. Maurice Kamto, official runner-up in Oct presidential vote, continued to claim victory. He and his supporters attempted to protest in capital Yaoundé 6 Nov, day of Biya’s inauguration for seventh term, but authorities arrested him and supporters, releasing them hours later. Kamto 26 Nov called on Francophones to observe general strikes every Monday afternoon in solidarity with Anglophones, threatening to extend strikes to all day if govt does not resolve Anglophone crisis by end of 2018. In Anglophone areas, separatists 5 Nov kidnapped 79 students and two staff from school in Nkwen, Northwest region; following international condemnation militants released students 48 hours later. Military reportedly killed about 30 separatists in Mayo-Binka, Northwest 12-13 Nov. Separatists 14 Nov killed Mayor of Nwa, Northwest. Military 16 Nov killed at least ten separatists in Belo, Northwest, including local head of Ambazonian Self-Defence Council (ASC), military wing of separatist group Ambazonia Interim Govt. Separatists 20 Nov kidnapped nine students and teacher from school in Kumba, Southwest; next day military attacked separatists’ camps, freeing captives and killing at least two. Separatists 27 Nov kidnapped Anglophone lawyer, released him next day. Cardinal Christian Tumi 14 Nov said Simon Munzu, head of organising committee of Anglophone General Conference, had resigned citing death threats from separatists. Organisers of conference scheduled for 21-22 Nov postponed it for second time until govt gives authorisation. In Far North region, BH killed four people in Igawa, Mayo-Sava department 1 Nov and one in Baljoel, Mayo-Tsanaga 2 Nov. Military 14 Nov arrested BH militant in Gouzoudou, Mayo-Sava. Biya 30 Nov signed decree creating committee to oversee Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of BH defectors and Anglophone militants.

Central African Republic

Fighting between armed groups and attacks on civilians and peacekeepers surged, especially in north and centre. In Batangafo in north, anti-balaka community defence groups and ex-Seleka militants fought each other, attacked civilians, UN peacekeepers and humanitarian workers and pillaged humanitarian facilities end Oct-early Nov, leaving several people dead; fire started during fighting destroyed three camps for displaced people leaving over 30,000 people without shelter. UN deployed more peacekeepers. In Bambari in centre, militants of ex-Seleka faction Union for Peace in the Central African Republic (UPC) 13 Nov forced people out of their homes and occupied them. In Alindao in centre, fighting between UPC militants and anti-balaka 15 Nov left at least 60 people dead including two priests; Catholic church used as shelter for displaced people burned down. In Gbabia, near Berberati in west, Siriri armed group 16 Nov attacked UN base killing peacekeeper. Two parallel mediation processes – one led by African Union (AU), another by Russia and Sudan – continued to compete for buy-in. French FM Le Drian visited capital Bangui 1-2 Nov, encouraged President Touadéra to engage with AU-led mediation rather than process led by Russia and Sudan; he pledged 1,400 rifles for army and €24mn to help pay civil servant salaries and pensions and build infrastructure. Coalition of political parties and civil society groups 12 Nov signed memorandum asking for inclusive AU-led dialogue. UN Security Council 15 Nov extended mandate of UN mission (MINUSCA) for one month to allow more time for negotiations over new twelve-month mandate; U.S. expressed reservations over France’s proposed expansion of mandate due to resource implications and Russia objected to proposed language on primacy of AU-led mediation. International Criminal Court 11 Nov issued arrest warrant for MP and former anti-balaka leader Alfred Yekatom Rombhot, known as Rambo, for war crimes and crimes against humanity; Rombhot arrested late Oct after he fired shots in national assembly, taken to Netherlands 17 Nov and 23 Nov made his first appearance at court in The Hague.

Chad

Clashes erupted in north between army and ethnic Tebu defence forces, as army continued operations against Libya-based armed groups in north and Boko Haram in west. Army operations in Miski area in north, which it said were aimed at driving out illegal gold miners, arms traffickers and slave traders, escalated early Nov into confrontation with local Tebu community intent on retaining control of area and its resources. Some army veterans, civilians and former rebels early Nov formed Tebu Self-Defence Committee to prevent what it sees as “Déby’s clan” exploiting Tibesti gold mines. Govt 17 Nov claimed army had dislodged “the enemy” from Miski, which Tebu Self-Defence Committee denied, claiming 20 Nov that it had driven out army. Ground operations and airstrikes reportedly caused many casualties in army and among local forces. Opposition leader 22 Nov called on President Déby to open national dialogue on far north. Parliamentary opposition 28 Nov appealed for cessation of hostilities and parliamentary visit to north to listen to population and then discuss its demands with govt to find solution. Clashes continued between army and Libya-based armed groups around Kouri Bougoudi in north. Déby 9 Nov replaced defence minister with former head of gendarmerie and replaced security minister with Mahamat Abba Ali Salah, a Tebu. U.S. 16 Nov donated six boats and six vehicles worth $1.3mn to military brigade carrying out operations against Boko Haram in Lake Chad area. Govt and African Development Bank 14 Nov initiated program that aims to provide govt $21mn in budgetary support to boost economic recovery. National Framework for Political Dialogue 12 Nov said legislative elections, already postponed to Nov, would again be pushed back to May 2019. Déby 25-27 Nov visited Israel and met PM Netanyahu and President Rivlin, restoring diplomatic relations cut off since 1972; two countries have maintained trade relationship.

Democratic Republic of Congo

Violence could escalate or break out in new areas around 23 Dec general elections; in Nov opposition failed to unite behind single candidate and armed group violence continued in east. Seven opposition leaders created Lamuka coalition in Geneva 11 Nov, strongly criticising voters’ roll and use of voting machines, agreeing that, if coalition wins, fresh elections would be held after two years in which members Jean-Pierre Bemba and Moïse Katumbi could run, and naming Martin Fayulu as opposition’s single presidential candidate. Next day, two main opposition candidates, Felix Tshisekedi and subsequently Vital Kamerhe, pulled out of agreement citing pressure from political bases. Latter two leaders formed alliance between their parties in Kenyan capital Nairobi 23 Nov, with Tshisekedi as its presidential candidate. Electoral commission 21 Nov opened month-long campaigning period. In North Kivu province in east, armed groups including Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) kept up attacks on civilians in north of province, preventing effective response to Ebola outbreak. Suspected ADF 5 Nov launched attacks on Mangboko, killing seven civilians, and Oicha, killing civilian. Assailants 10 Nov killed woman and kidnapped five others at Mayi-Moya, and killed six civilians in Beni 10-11 Nov. UN mission and army 13 Nov launched joint operation against ADF militants, seven peacekeepers and at least twelve soldiers killed. Suspected ADF attack on Oicha 15 Nov left five civilians dead. Shell hit house in Beni 16 Nov forcing sixteen World Health Organization staff to evacuate. ADF 18 Nov killed three travellers on road between Oicha and Eringeti. In Kasai province in centre, military operation against Kamuina Nsapu armed group killed seventeen militants 7 Nov. Three campaigners for member of ruling coalition disappeared, suspected killed, 17 Nov near Dibaya. Arrival in Kasai provinces of most of estimated 362,000 Congolese forcefully evicted from Angola by armed forces Oct-Nov put added strain on resources. In South Kivu province in east, Burundian military attacked bases of Burundian RED-TABARA rebels 1-2 Nov reportedly forcing them to flee; Burundi denied incursion. Congolese security forces arrested Burundian soldier at Sange and reportedly handed him over to Burundian army 6 Nov, and arrested three other Burundian soldiers for entering Lusenda refugee camp, which shelters Burundian refugees.

Gabon

President Bongo 24 Oct reportedly suffered stroke and was hospitalised in Saudi Arabian capital Riyadh, where he was attending conference; 29 Nov travelled from Riyadh to Moroccan capital, Rabat to continue recovery. In response to call by VP Moussavou, constitutional court 14 Nov ruled head of state was “temporarily unavailable” and amended constitution to give VP and PM power to carry out certain presidential functions; VP to chair cabinet. Opposition condemned move as attempt to consolidate power in hands of Bongo clan and African Union 17 Nov urged govt to respect constitutional order.

Djibouti

Emirati port operator DP World, from which govt seized control of Doraleh port in Feb and ownership of Doraleh Container Terminal in Sept, 6 Nov filed lawsuit with High Court of Hong Kong accusing China of building free zone in disputed port and pressuring govt into cancelling agreement with DP World; govt denied Chinese firm induced it to breach agreements with DP World. President Guelleh met Ethiopian PM Abiy in Addis Ababa 17 Nov; expressed readiness to take part in regional integration and support for UN’s 14 Nov lifting of sanctions against Eritrea. UN had placed sanctions on Eritrea partly because latter had not withdrawn its forces from disputed area on border with Djibouti following clashes with Djibouti in June 2008.

Eritrea

UN Security Council 14 Nov lifted sanctions it imposed on Eritrea in 2009 because latter had not withdrawn troops from disputed area on border with Djibouti and for alleged funding of armed groups in Somalia. President Afwerki met Ethiopian PM Abiy and Somali President Farmajo in Ethiopia 9 Nov; all agreed to strengthen tripartite cooperation. Sudanese President Bashir 28 Oct expressed willingness to normalise relations with Eritrea.

Ethiopia

Govt launched crackdown on corruption in govt and military and continued to foster cooperation with neighbours, but ethnic violence and criminality continued. In crackdown against corrupt officials, govt 10-11 Nov arrested 79 people, including senior military officials and head of military-run Metals and Engineering Corporation (METEC); company accused of mismanaging mega-projects including Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Tigray regional state President Debretsion Gebremichael 19 Nov said crackdown discriminated against ethnic Tigrayans, who dominated in govt before PM Abiy’s election. Ethnic Oromo militias 14 Nov reportedly killed at least ten Somalis in Moyale, on border with Kenya. Ethnic Oromo armed groups 29 Nov reportedly attacked civilians and Oromia state police in East Wollega zone and areas adjacent to Benishangul Regional State killing dozens of civilians and seventeen police officers. Armed group Oromo Liberation Front 14 Nov reached cooperation agreement with political party Oromo Democratic Party, urging supporters to refrain from violence and abide by rule of law. Former opposition figure Birtukan Mideska named head of electoral board 22 Nov. PM Abiy 9 Nov received Somali President Farmajo and Eritrean President Afwerki to discuss how to develop ties, 17 Nov addressed African Union at 11th extraordinary session in Addis Ababa, highlighting need to reform and strengthen union.

Kenya

Al-Shabaab continued attacks in east, as intercommunal clashes persisted in north. In east, Al-Shabaab militants 10 Nov shot at international NGO vehicle on Masalani-Ijara road, Garissa county, wounding one female staff-member. Unidentified gunmen 20 Nov attacked orphanage at Chakama village, 60km west of Malindi on coast, wounding five people and kidnapping Italian volunteer; no group claimed responsibility. In north, intercommunal clashes persisted in several counties. In Marsabit county, tit-for-tat attacks between ethnic Borana and Gabra over disputed boundaries continued, killing three. In protracted feud over border between Garissa and Isiolo counties, Borana and Somali communities clashed 6 Nov, leaving three dead in Modogashe area. In Wajir county, attack by Gelible sub-clan and reprisal by Matan sub-clan 7-8 Nov left four dead.

Somalia

Al-Shabaab stepped up attacks in capital Mogadishu and elsewhere and militia fighting broke out in Galmudug state. In Mogadishu, Al-Shabaab car bomb attack 8 Nov killed Hirshabelle regional state MP Abdiwali Mohamed and two others; militants 9 Nov carried out three car bomb attacks: two targeted Sahafi hotel, killing around 52 civilians, five Al-Shabaab militants killed in ensuing gunfight. U.S. airstrikes on Al-Shabaab strongholds continued; airstrikes near Debatscile 19 Nov killed 37 militants; airstrike in Quy Cad Mudug region 20 Nov killed seven militants; airstrike near Lebede, Bay region 30 Nov killed nine militants. Al-Shabaab 16 Nov launched assault against Sufi paramilitary group Ahlul Sunnah Waa-Jama’a (ASWJ) in Guriceel district in Galgaduud province, ASWJ retained control of district. In Galkayo in north, Al-Shabaab 26 Nov attacked compound of Sufi cleric killing him and at least seventeen of his followers. Fighting erupted in Galmudug 19 Nov between two militias from Marehan and Ceyr clans; federal and regional govts sent military to stop fighting. Islamic State (ISIS) intensified operations in Mogadishu and southern Somalia; extorted business leaders in Mogadishu, killed those who refused to pay taxes to ISIS. Al-Shabaab 13 Nov executed six of its members in Sakow, Middle Juba region in south for pledging support to ISIS leader Abdulqadir Mumin. Regional elections postponed to 5 Dec. President Farmajo met Ethiopian PM Abiy and Eritrean President Afwerki in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 9 Nov, all agreed to strengthen tripartite cooperation.

Somaliland

Somalia’s semi-autonomous region Puntland and Somaliland forces 4 Nov clashed in Tukaraq, reigniting conflict over disputed territories of Sool and Sanaag.

South Sudan

UN undersecretary-general for peacekeeping operations, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, 16 Nov reportedly said UN might support deployment of forces from regional bloc Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) countries to support implementation of peace plan, but suggested extra troops would need to join UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). Troika on South Sudan – U.S., UK and Norway – 16 Nov offered cautious support for deployment, but said UN Security Council would need to approve any additional troops. IGAD 16 Nov urged govt to devote more resources to implement peace deal and directed its special envoy to reach out to warring groups who have not signed agreement. South Sudan National Dialogue, unilaterally launched by Kiir in 2017, late Oct put forward proposal to revert to colonial three-province system that would decentralise power. NGO Doctors Without Borders reported that gunmen 19-29 Nov raped 125 women in Bentiu, Northern Liech state; govt denied report. UN “extremely concerned” about dramatic increase of conflict-related sexual violence, despite peace deal signed in Sept.

Sudan

U.S. media mid-Nov reported that U.S. State Department had signalled to Sudanese officials that U.S. was open to dropping Sudan’s designation as “state sponsor of terrorism” if latter made progress in six areas, including expanding counter-terrorism efforts, ceasing fighting with rebels and working toward peace talks, and severing ties with North Korea. In south Darfur, fighting renewed between paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and rebels of Sudanese Liberation Army faction led by Abdel Wahid (SLA-AW) in Jebel Marra region; several civilians reportedly killed 13 Nov in RSF attacks in Deribat area, SLM-AW 25 Nov claimed that it killed eighteen RSF troops when it repelled attack led by govt forces in Feina area. Sudan and Egypt 25 Nov agreed to set up joint military patrols on their borders with Libya.

Uganda

Following international criticism of govt for arrest of popular politician and singer Robert Kyagulanyi, crackdown on protesters, political opposition and journalists continued at lower levels. President Museveni 7 Nov ordered deployment of army across capital Kampala to patrol streets and set up roadblocks. Museveni 15 Nov said military and police would deploy to guard Chinese investors, following spate of attacks and robberies. Police 26 Nov arrested fifteen opposition supporters at gathering of opposition party Forum for Democratic Change in south-western Rukungiri, home of party leader, Kizza Besigye. Amid rising tensions on Lake Albert that straddles DR Congo-Uganda border, Congolese militiamen 18 Nov shot dead seven Ugandan fishermen. Increased cross-border attacks by Ugandan rebel group Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) based in DRC 18 Nov prompted army to deploy more troops along Uganda-DRC border.

Angola

Security forces continued operations in east to curb irregular artisanal diamond mining; NGO Human Rights Watch 14 Nov urged govt to halt mass deportations from east and investigate alleged abuses by security forces after estimated over 400,000 migrants mainly from DR Congo forced to flee back across border.

Comoros Islands

After clashes in Oct between security forces and protesters rejecting results of July referendum that extended presidential terms and stopped rotation of presidency between three main islands, parliament speaker 24 Nov called off vote on President Assoumani’s proposal that he pass laws by presidential decree for three months; 21 of 33 MPs opposed move.

Madagascar

In 7 Nov presidential elections, no candidate won more than 50% of vote needed for victory in first round; candidates who won most votes, former presidents Andry Rajoelina (39.19%) and Marc Ravalomanana (35.29%), to compete in run-off vote set for 19 Dec. Incumbent President Rajaonarimampianina won 8.84%. Rajoelina and Ravalomanana alleged fraud and malpractice by election authorities. Independent National Electoral Commission and monitoring missions of regional bloc South African Development Community and European Union rejected allegations, saying no major irregularities took place.

Mozambique

Suspected Islamist militants stepped up attacks in Cabo Delgado province in far north. Militants 14 Nov executed village chief in Macomia district and 23 Nov attacked village in Nangane district, killing twelve and causing thousands to flee across border into Tanzania. Same night assailants ambushed and killed truck driver on border between Cabo Delgado and Niassa provinces. Militants attacked Nacotuco village, Macomia district 27 Nov, killing one person. Authorities 26-28 Nov arrested over 200 people suspected of belonging to Islamist militant group. Constitutional Council 14 Nov validated results of 10 Oct municipal elections except for in Marromeu municipality, in central province of Sofala, where ruling Frelimo party won 22 Nov re-run.

Zimbabwe

Amid ongoing economic crisis that has led to hike in prices of goods including food, drinks and clothes and caused fuel shortages, govt statistics agency Zimstat 13 Nov released data showing inflation soared in Oct to highest level since 2008. Main opposition party Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) held demonstrations in capital Harare 29 Nov to protest worsening economic conditions among other issues, demanding national dialogue and power-sharing transitional administration. MDC leader Nelson Chamisa 26 Nov testified before Commission of Inquiry probing 1 Aug post-election violence, saying his party had not incited supporters to take to streets. Commission concluded hearings and said it would deliver final report to President Mnangagwa 1 Dec.

Burkina Faso

Jihadist militants ramped up attacks in north and east mainly against security forces, as protests and strikes continued. In East region, suspected members of jihadist group Ansarul Islam 2 Nov attacked gendarmerie in Soudougui, Koulpélogo province; security forces 12 Nov reportedly repelled attack by unidentified gunmen against gendarmerie in Partiaga, Tapoa province. Roadside bomb and gun attack against police convoy near town of Boungou in east 30 Nov killed five including four police officers. In Centre North region, suspected Ansarul Islam 8 Nov attacked gendarmerie in Namsiguia, Bam province, wounding gendarme. In Centre West region, unidentified gunmen 8 Nov attacked gendarmerie in Silly, Sissilli province, wounding police commissioner. In Sahel region in north, unidentified gunmen 21 Nov attacked police station in Tongomayel, Soum province, wounding police officer. More schools shut down across country as jihadist militants continued intimidation. Suspected members of jihadist group Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) 5 Nov forcibly closed school in Kletafades, Sahel region in north. Schools in Gayeri, East region were shut down 12 Nov after teachers received death threats from suspected Ansarul Islam militants. Unidentified assailants same day reportedly whipped teachers in Toulfé, North region; other teachers in area closed schools in fear of attack. Residents in Fada-Ngourma, East region 1 Nov protested against terrorism and violence. Prison security guards on strike to demand better working conditions same day raided residence of Justice Minister René Bagoro in capital Ouagadougou. Employees at court in Fada-Ngourma 5 Nov closed court due to insecurity, with court security guards on strike since 25 Oct. Several thousand people 29 Nov demonstrated in capital Ouagadougou as part of nationwide strike over higher fuel prices. NGO Human Rights Watch 19 Nov said army 16 Nov allegedly killed fourteen men detained in Gassel Liddji, Soum province, Sahel region.

Côte d’Ivoire

Tensions persisted over results of 13 Oct regional and municipal elections. Supreme Court examined 102 appeals for annulment, 23 Nov annulled vote in Guémon and Loh Djibouahtwo regions and Port Bouët and Lakota communes; 30 Nov annulled vote in four other communes of Bingerville, Rubino, Boko and Grand-Bassam. New votes to be organised in next three months. Opposition parties including Democratic Party of Côte d’Ivoire (PDCI) and Popular Ivorian Front (FPI) continued to denounce alleged overrepresentation of govt in electoral commission and reiterated calls for reform. PDCI continued efforts to gather opposition parties in united front to counter growing influence of ruling coalition Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace (RHDP). Three NGOs 15 Nov said they had lodged appeal 5 Oct against amnesty granted early Aug by President Ouattara to some 800 people accused or convicted of crimes linked to 2010-2011 post-election crisis, including former first lady Simone Gbagbo.

Guinea

Tensions continued to escalate between govt and opposition over results of municipal elections in Feb. Opposition 7 Nov clashed with security forces during demonstration in Wanindara neighbourhood of capital Conakry, two civilians reportedly killed and two others wounded. Opposition supporters next day reportedly beat policeman to death in same neighbourhood. Security forces cracked down on opposition march 22 Nov in Conakry, several demonstrators reportedly wounded. Security forces dispersed teachers’ sit-ins 22 Nov in capital and elsewhere, three demonstrators reportedly wounded and ten others arrested.

Guinea-Bissau

Govt 19 Nov announced new extension of voter census by fifteen days until 5 Dec, likely delaying legislative elections initially scheduled for 18 Nov until 2019. Teachers’ unions 1 Nov launched new 30-day strike over unpaid salaries and poor working conditions. Students demonstrating in capital Bissau 8 Nov to denounce paralysis of education sector clashed with police, at least eight wounded and five others arrested.

Liberia

Violence marred campaign for 20 Nov senatorial by-elections in Montserrado district thirteen and Sinoe County. Supporters of ruling Coalition for Democratic Change and opposition Unity Party 17 Nov clashed in Montserrado’s thirteenth district, one reportedly killed; police 18 Nov said incidents left four wounded and no one killed. Electoral commission 23 Nov said independent candidate Edward Papay Flomo had won by-elections in Montserrado district; same day delayed release of final results for Sinoe county due to allegations of ballot stuffing; 26 Nov said ruling Coalition for Democratic Change (CDC) candidate Augustine Chea had won vote in Sinoe county.

Mali

Govt launched disarmament and reintegration of combatants in north, as communal conflict and jihadist attacks continued in centre and north. In response to criticisms of govt’s proposed bill to reform administrative divisions (leaked in Oct) – including that it would favour nomadic groups and that govt drafted bill unilaterally – govt held consultations with opposition leaders and conferences throughout country. But main opposition leader Soumaïla Cissé 8 Nov declined PM Maïga’s invitation to discuss reforms, citing President Keïta’s lack of legitimacy, and opponents of draft bill in Gao in north prevented organisation of conference there. As envisaged in 2015 Algiers peace agreement, govt launched Accelerated Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reinsertion and Integration (A-DDR-I) program in Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu 6, 9 and 12 Nov respectively aimed at integrating some 1,600 combatants from various armed groups into security forces. Some of those fighters refused to hand over all weapons citing various issues, including their desire to keep same ranks as they held in armed groups. Jihadists kept up attacks in north and centre as French forces continued strikes targeting leaders. Al-Qaeda-linked jihadist coalition Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (GSIM) 9 Nov released video in which Amadou Kouffa, Fulani leader of GSIM member Macina Liberation Front, called on Fulani across West Africa to join jihad, in contrast with past calls addressed to all Muslims. French operation in Gourma area 11-12 Nov killed seven jihadists, including GSIM faction leader al-Mansour Ag Alkassim. Jihadists 12 Nov attacked UN contractors in Gao near UN base, killing three civilians, and suspected jihadists 19 Nov killed Arab officer in mixed army-armed group force in Timbuktu. France 23 Nov said raid by French forces in Mopti region night of 22-23 Nov “put out of action” about 30 jihadist militants, possibly including Kouffa; govt 24 Nov said Kouffa killed. In centre, communal conflict continued. Gunmen 3 Nov attacked five villages in Bankass area reportedly home to ethnic Dogon. Dogon militia Dan Nan Ambassagou 21 Nov said militia, which announced unilateral ceasefire in Oct, had rejected ceasefire with Fulani herders to protect Dogon after several killed by army. Local authorities 22 Nov said about a dozen Fulani herders had been killed in recent days in town of Ouenkoro in Mopti region and accused Dogon hunters.

Niger

Suspected jihadist groups stepped up attacks in south west near borders with Burkina Faso and Mali and suspected Boko Haram continued attacks in south east near border with Nigeria. Govt 3 Nov said army had destroyed several camps of alleged jihadists in south west in previous week. Unidentified assailants 17 Nov attacked gendarmerie post near Makalondi, 10km from Burkina Faso border in Tillabery region, killing two gendarmes before retreating across border. Armed assailants 30 Nov attacked police post in Tera town in south west, killing customs officer. Govt same day declared state of emergency in departments of Say, Torodi and Tera in Tillabery region in south west. In south east, suspected Boko Haram militants 22 Nov attacked French drilling company Foraco’s well site in Toumour, Diffa region, eight people killed; local authorities 24 Nov said suspected Boko Haram gunmen had kidnapped fifteen girls overnight in village near Toumour, Diffa region. U.S. media early Nov reported that U.S. military sent letters of reprimand to six personnel, including Air Force two-star general, for their roles in Oct 2017 operation near Tongo Tongo in which four American and four Nigerien soldiers were killed.

Nigeria

Ahead of Feb 2019 elections, Boko Haram (BH), especially Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) faction, stepped up attacks on security forces and civilians in north east and security forces reported over 135 bandits and militia men killed in north west and Middle Belt. About 25 gunmen 14 Nov attacked rally of opposition People’s Democratic Party in Ipo, Rivers state, several reportedly wounded. BH 14 Nov attacked Mammanti village, killing one villager; 16 Nov attacked Kekeno village, number of casualties unknown; 17 Nov attacked army base in Mainok, killing one soldier; ISWAP 18 Nov attacked army base in Matele, reportedly killing at least 43 soldiers including commander (army 28 Nov said 23 soldiers killed); BH same day attacked army base in Gajiram, casualties unknown; 19 Nov killed nine farmers and abducted twelve others outside Mammanti village. ISWAP 27 Nov attacked military base in Cross-Kauwa, three soldiers reportedly killed; 29 Nov attacked army near Gamboru, reportedly killing eight soldiers; ISWAP 30 Nov attacked military in Arege village, killing at least one soldier. Military 18 Nov said it had killed ISWAP’s spokesman Ahmed Saleh, also known as Baban Hassan. Army 17 Nov said it had identified new insurgent sect in north east, Jama’atu Nus’ratul-Islami Wal-Muslimina, led by Abul-Fadl Gali. Insecurity continued in Middle Belt: in Plateau state, unidentified gunmen 11 Nov killed two civilians in Nding village; state govt committee 11 Nov reported “recent” violence had killed 1,801 people and displaced 50,212 persons across state. In north west, violence involving bandits, community defence groups and security forces continued. Army 19 Nov said it had killed fourteen bandits, cattle rustlers and kidnappers in Kaduna and Niger states; 20 Nov said continuing airstrikes had killed unspecified number of bandits and destroyed their camps; police 30 Nov reported 104 bandits killed in major anti-rustling operation in Birnin Mogaji, Zurmi local govt area, Zamfara state. In north central, army 23 Nov reported seventeen militia men killed in Benue, Nasarawa and Taraba states. Communal violence reported elsewhere. In Cross River state, six communities early Nov clashed in Odukpani area, reportedly part of long-running land disputes, at least twelve killed. In Bauchi state, fighting in state capital Bauchi 18 Nov left eight people dead.

Togo

Main opposition coalition 26 Nov said it would boycott 20 Dec general elections, alleging polls would be “fraudulent”, and held protest 29 Nov in main towns against irregularities in election process and called for further protest 1 Dec. Security Minister General Yark Damehame previous week warned against acts of violence seeking to upset campaigns and voting.

Israel/Palestine

Israel and Hamas implemented initial elements of UN and Egyptian-mediated ceasefire agreement in Gaza strip; even though two-day escalation mid-month set back progress. Palestinian Authority (PA) President Abbas – who previously demanded that any ceasefire should come after PA has retaken control of Gaza – met Egyptian President Sisi in Cairo 3 Nov and acquiesced to early stages of ceasefire’s implementation. Hamas contained Palestinian protests at Gaza-Israel fence 2 and 5 Nov while Israel withdrew naval blockade from 3 to 12 nautical miles from shore and allowed increased delivery of Qatari-funded fuel and payments to civil servants and impoverished families in Gaza. However, Israeli undercover operation east of city of Khan Younis in Gaza went awry 11 Nov, resulting in clash between Israeli security forces and Hamas militants that left one Israeli soldier and seven militants dead. In retaliation, Hamas 12 Nov fired over 500 rockets into Israel, killing Palestinian resident of Israel, and Israel bombed 160 locations in Gaza, killing at least seven Palestinians. Hamas 13 Nov said it had resumed ceasefire; Israel issued no statement but suspended bombing. Israeli Defence Minister Lieberman 14 Nov resigned in protest at ceasefire. Abbas 11 Nov denounced forthcoming U.S. peace plan as “conspiracy” and accused Hamas of blocking Palestinian statehood. Kuwait 18 Nov announced $50mn contribution for PA budget.

Jordan

Parliamentary delegation 19 Nov visited Syrian President Assad for first time since 2011 to discuss cooperation in trade, tourism and transport; including reopening of Ramtha-Daraa border, shut for seven years.

Lebanon

Syrian refugees in Lebanon continued to return to Syria through govt-run programs at Masnaa, al-Zamarani and Abboudieh border crossings in centre and north, including around 800 16 Nov. Govt 2 Nov said that since July it had organised return of 7,670 Syrian refugees and over 80,000 had returned home independently.

Syria

Russia and Turkey maintained that their Sept agreement to stave off govt offensive on rebel-held Idlib in north west continued to hold despite tit-for-tat attacks between govt-aligned forces and rebels. Notably, govt forces 9 Nov bombed Jarjanaz, killing eight residents and two dozen fighters from rebel faction Jaish al-Izzah. Jihadist alliance Hei’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and Turkish-backed National Liberation Front allegedly carried strikes on Syrian military positions in retaliation for govt bombings. Rebel group Wa-Harrid al-Mumineen (which includes al-Qaeda loyalist HTS splinter Hurras al-Din and other jihadist hardliners) continued to claim small-scale attacks on govt positions in Lattakia, Hama and southern Aleppo countryside. Gas attack on Aleppo 24 Nov injured about 100 people; Syrian army and Russia blaming rebels 25 Nov retaliated with airstrikes in buffer zone, rebels denied responsibility. Russian officials expressed satisfaction with Turkish efforts to implement deal but increasingly highlighted violations of ceasefire inside Idlib zone. In south, authorities arrested increasing numbers of former rebels, including those acquitted of any crimes by “settlement” procedures; former rebels and families appealed to Russian military police to secure rebels’ release. Also in south, Russian-supported govt-aligned forces, that included reconciled rebel fighters, by 17 Nov drove hundreds of Islamic State (ISIS) fighters further into desert east of Sweida. In rebel-held north east, Turkey 1 Nov shelled Kurdish-controlled towns of Kobani and Tell Abyad; in response, opposition Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) – of which Kurdish YPG forms military backbone – suspended operations against ISIS in its remaining strongholds around Hajin in lower Euphrates valley. Month saw spate of unclaimed killings of SDF members; ISIS 3 Nov claimed assassination of Sheikh Bashir Faisal al-Huwaidi, Arab member of Raqqa governing council and SDF ally, but responsibility unclear. After “intensive diplomatic efforts” by U.S.-led coalition, SDF 11 Nov resumed offensive against ISIS. ISIS counterattack 23-27 Nov killed 92 SDF members, heaviest loss since SDF’s 2015 creation. In new round of talks in Kazakh capital Astana 28 Nov, Russia, Turkey and Iran failed to reach agreement on establishment of constitutional committee. Jordanian parliamentary delegation 19 Nov visited Syrian President Assad for first time since 2011 to discuss cooperation in trade, tourism and transport; including reopening of Ramtha-Daraa border, shut for seven years.

Bahrain

First round vote for 40 parliamentary seats and 30 municipal council seats since govt dissolved opposition groups al-Wefaq in 2016 and Waad in 2017 held 24 Nov. Opposition disputed official turnout of 67%. In first round parliamentary vote, two of nine winners were incumbents; run-off vote set for 1 Dec to decide remaining 31 seats. In run-up to vote, court 4 Nov sentenced former al-Wefaq leader, Shiite cleric Sheikh Ali Salman, to life in prison on charges of spying for Qatar in 2011, also charging two Bahraini nationals with receiving late Oct illicit Qatari support to fund parliamentary campaigns.

Iran

U.S. reimposed on Iran remainder of sanctions it had lifted in 2016 under 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and imposed new ones. International Atomic Energy Agency 12 Nov confirmed Iran’s continued full compliance with JCPOA. U.S. 5 Nov unveiled new or re-imposed previous sanctions against over 700 individuals and entities in Iran’s energy, banking and maritime sectors. Iran and U.S. faced off over effect of sanctions on supply of food and medicine; FM Zarif 10 Nov accused U.S. Sec State Pompeo of “threatening to starve Iranians” while U.S. officials maintained that humanitarian goods are exempt. U.S. 5 Nov gave eight countries (China, India, South Korea, Japan, Italy, Greece, Taiwan and Turkey) temporary waivers to continue importing Iranian oil, and gave Iraq 45-day exemption to continue importing Iranian electricity and gas. Three Iranian nuclear sites and port of Chabahar also spared from sanctions. Sanctions expected to have significant economic impact; International Monetary Fund 6 Nov predicted Iranian GDP will contract by 3.6% in 2019 and inflation will reach 34%, up from under 10% in 2017. Creation of EU’s Special Purpose Vehicle – announced in Sept to support trade with Iran – stalled as no EU member state stepped forward to host it; senior Iranian official 26 Nov warned of “ominous” situation if Iran loses JCPOA’s economic dividends. Govt 14 Nov executed two gold traders accused of corruption as part of anti-corruption drive that has reportedly led to some 170 arrests for economic crimes in past three months. Army 15 Nov said Sunni militant group Jaish al-Adl had freed five of fourteen Iranian border guards it kidnapped in Oct; fate of remaining hostages unknown. Senior army official 4 Nov suggested Saudi Arabian involvement in kidnapping.

Iraq

Following May legislative elections, new PM Mahdi – installed in Oct – still to appoint eight of 22 cabinet ministers, including interior and defence ministers. Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr 27 Nov said he would only accept independent candidates for these security positions. Govt 16 Nov announced deal with Kurdish region to restart oil exports from Kirkuk oilfields through pipeline to Turkey; flows halted since 2017 Kurdish independence referendum. Islamic State (ISIS)-related insecurity continued, mainly in west and north. Bombings in various locations in capital Baghdad killed some seven civilians 4 Nov. Car bombing killed at least five in Tikrit, Salah al-Din province (north) 18 Nov, while roadside bomb 22 Nov killed at least four students in Shura area, Nineveh province (north west). Unidentified gunmen 12 Nov shot dead local paramilitary leader and eight others near Garma, Anbar province (west). Govt 20 Nov claimed to have killed 40 ISIS militants in two airstrikes in eastern Syria. In far north, Turkey continued operations against Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), claiming airstrikes 9-11 Nov killed 38 militants. New President Salih 11 Nov urged U.S. to consider relieving Iraq from effect of renewed sanctions on Iran; U.S. 5 Nov granted Iraq 45-day exemption to continue importing Iranian electricity and gas while it finds alternative sources. Salih 17 Nov met with Iranian President Rouhani, reaffirming Iraq’s commitment to trade relations.

Qatar

FM al-Thani 22 Nov said govt would maintain ties with Iran despite U.S. sanctions; stated readiness to mediate between U.S. and Iran. Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad 4 Nov reshuffled his cabinet to elevate younger technocrats.

Saudi Arabia

Following killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Saudi consulate in Istanbul in Oct, Saudi royal family and regional allies continued to defend Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in face of international censure. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) assessment, as reported 16 Nov, concluded that crown prince ordered killing. Saudi FM al-Jubeir 20 Nov said CIA report not based on “conclusive evidence” and next day warned that questioning country’s leadership was “red line”. Govt 15 Nov said it would seek death penalty for five of eleven individuals charged with killing. In apparent show of unity by royal family, King Salman’s brother Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz 31 Oct returned to Saudi Arabia from UK to support to crown prince. King Salman throughout Nov visited some of Saudi Arabia’s regions, for some first visit by monarch in decades. Crown prince 24 Nov embarked on regional tour to United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Egypt and Tunisia, in first trip outside kingdom since Khashoggi affair, to demonstrate that regional allies still strongly support his govt. Israeli PM Netanyahu 2 Nov expressed support for govt “stability”, while UAE Crown Prince bin Zayed also praised Saudi role in regional stability 22 Nov. U.S. President Trump 20 Nov said U.S. intended to remain “steadfast partner of Saudi Arabia”, citing economic and security interests, but U.S. Congress same day demanded investigation into alleged role of crown prince in Khashoggi’s killing, while Treasury 15 Nov sanctioned seventeen Saudi officials – including crown prince’s former adviser al-Qahtani – for role in killing. U.S. Sec State Pompeo and Sec Defense Mattis 28 Nov told Senate there was no hard evidence that Crown Prince was behind killing, warning that downgrading ties with Saudi Arabia would harm U.S. national security. Govt late Nov opposed UN Security Council draft resolution on Yemen proposed by UK that aims at humanitarian objectives. Govt 20 Nov announced joint pledge with UAE of $500mn in aid to Yemen.

United Arab Emirates

Court 21 Nov sentenced to life in prison British academic Matthew Hedges, arrested in May for spying. After UK FM Hunt 22 Nov warned of “serious diplomatic consequences” if govt did not release Hedges, govt 25 Nov pardoned him “in consideration of the historical relationship between the UAE and the UK”. Govt opposed UK’s draft UN Security Council resolution on Yemen late Nov. Govt 20 Nov announced joint pledge with Saudi Arabia of $500mn in aid to Yemen.

Yemen

UN-led talks between warring parties expected early Dec offer chance to restart negotiations toward political settlement, but fighting could also escalate in coming weeks, especially in Huthi-held Hodeida. Yemeni forces backed by United Arab Emirates (UAE) 31 Oct launched new offensive along Red Sea coast, moving from south of Hodeida to encircle eastern half of city, within striking distance of port. Saudi-led coalition 15 Nov reported “pause” in offensive, in apparent response to calls from international community. UN Special Envoy Martin Griffiths 16 Nov told UN Security Council that warring parties had given “firm assurances” of their commitment to attend peace talks. Huthis 19 Nov said they would cease drone and missile attacks on coalition forces at Griffiths’s request and said they were ready for broader ceasefire. Fighting continued in north, most intensely along Yemen-Saudi Arabia border. Saudi-led coalition reported intercepting four ballistic missiles fired by Huthis into Mareb governorate mid-Nov. Hodeida residents 20 Nov reported fighting around city had increased. As part of continued push for talks, Griffiths 22-23 Nov met Huthi leader Abdulmalik al-Huthi in capital Sanaa and Huthi officials in Hodeida. U.S. Sec Defense Mattis 9 Nov said U.S. would no longer refuel Saudi-led coalition aircraft in support of “decision by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, after consultations with the U.S. Government”. U.S. Senate 29 Nov voted to advance resolution ending U.S. support for Saudi-led coalition. UK FM Hunt 13 Nov said he had brokered deal with Saudi Arabia for evacuation of injured Huthi fighters from Sanaa to Muscat as part of confidence-building measures. UN Security Council 20 Nov began debate on UK’s draft resolution aimed at humanitarian objectives; Saudi-led coalition told allies that new resolution was unhelpful. UN 23 Oct warned of imminent famine, increasing estimate of people severely food insecure from 8 to 14 million. UN World Food Programme 27 Nov warned of “nearly 50% decrease in operations at Hodeida port over last two weeks … because of the high levels of insecurity in the city”. Saudi Arabia and UAE 20 Nov announced joint pledge of $500mn in aid.

Algeria

Ahead of 2019 presidential election, ruling coalition 8 Nov launched initiative to support President Bouteflika’s bid for fifth term, while politicians reportedly strove to build consensus on his successor. New parliament Speaker Mouad Bouchareb named secretary general of Bouteflika’s party, National Liberation Front (FLN), 15 Nov replacing Djamel Ould Abbès, who resigned 14 Nov for unclear reasons. FLN executive bureau refused to recognise Bouchareb as party leader. Bouteflika 25 Nov dissolved FLN’s governing bodies, installed six-member interim transitional executive body led by Bouchareb to reform party ahead of party congress next year. Five senior army generals arrested 15 Oct on charges of illicit enrichment, influence peddling and corruption were set free 6 Nov pending trial, allegedly after Bouteflika’s intervention. Social unrest continued. Youths 15 Nov clashed with security forces in Bab el Oued district of capital Algiers after video of policemen beating football fan circulated on social media; 30 people reportedly arrested and ten police officers wounded. Security forces 20 Nov used tear gas to disperse protest in Bejaia, 220km east of Algiers, to demand release of blogger Merzoug Touati sentenced in June to seven years in prison on charges of sharing “intelligence with a foreign country”; several protesters arrested and briefly detained.

Egypt

Islamic State (ISIS) attack on Coptic Christians on mainland provoked heavy security response, as security forces continued counter-insurgency operations in Sinai and mainland. ISIS militants 2 Nov attacked bus carrying Coptic Christian pilgrims in Minya governorate some 250km south of capital Cairo, killing seven. ISIS said it carried out attack in “revenge for arrest of our virtuous sisters” after security forces in previous weeks arrested twenty ISIS militants across country, including eleven women. Govt 4 Nov said security forces had killed nineteen suspected ISIS militants allegedly responsible for Minya attack. Security forces continued operations in Sinai. Govt 12 Nov said security forces had foiled suicide attack targeting checkpoint in Arish city in north Sinai. Authorities 22 Nov said police had stormed three buildings in Arish city used by Islamist militants as hideouts, killing twelve. In video released 15 Nov, ISIS Sinai Province (SP) said several fighters including SP leader Abu Osama al-Masri had been killed in ongoing military operation and issued call to fight govt and military. Govt continued crackdown on dissent. NGO Human Rights Watch 18 Nov said security forces had arrested over 40 lawyers, opposition representatives and human rights workers since late Oct, including daughter of former deputy leader of Muslim Brotherhood. President Sisi 4 Nov repeated his two-year-old promise to amend highly restrictive NGO law.

Libya

UN unveiled revised political roadmap and participants in international conference in Palermo, Italy, endorsed it, but deep divisions between rival Libyan leaders and competing agendas emerged. At UN Security Council 8 Nov, UN envoy Ghassan Salamé said elections would take place in 2019, acknowledging for first time that they will not be held in Dec as planned. Salamé presented revised action plan consisting of National Conference in Jan 2019 and establishment of “electoral framework” by spring 2019. At international conference in Palermo, Italy 12-13 Nov, stakeholders expressed support for revised action plan but heads of delegations representing Tripoli-based UN-backed Presidency Council, Tripoli-based High State Council, Tobruk-based parliament House of Representatives (HoR) and Field Marshal Haftar’s Libyan National Army (LNA) did not sit side-by-side. While nominally supporting UN efforts, delegations disagreed on which elections should be held and what powers, if any, National Conference should wield. Haftar refused to attend any conference event, instead took part in unscheduled and inconclusive meeting with Tripoli-based PM Serraj 13 Nov, alongside leaders from Russia, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, France, Italy, UN and EU. Disregarding new UN action plan, Tobruk-based HoR 27 Nov claimed that previous day it passed constitutional referendum law and constitutional amendment that recognises modified version of 2015 Libyan Political Agreement (which HoR never recognised) and requires appointment of new three-member Presidency Council and separate PM. Some HoR members and their political opponents in Tripoli contest legality of HoR vote and substance of approved legislation. Islamic State (ISIS) claimed 23 Nov attack in southern town of Tazerbo that killed nine police. Score-settling between militias in Tripoli continued: former head of Tripoli Revolutionary Brigades Haythem Tajouri allegedly killed three of group’s leaders. U.S. 30 Nov said its airstrike previous day near al-Uwaynat in south killed eleven al-Qaeda militants.

Mauritania

President Aziz 20 Nov said that he would not run for re-election in 2019, respecting constitution that limits number of presidential terms to two, but would run again as soon as constitution allows.

Tunisia

Govt 5 Nov announced cabinet reshuffle despite President Essebsi’s opposition. PM Chahed named ten new ministers, but did not change ministers whose portfolios lie within president’s prerogative such as foreign affairs and defence. Parliament 12 Nov expressed its confidence in new govt; Essebsi’s Nida Tounes party boycotted session. Parliament’s legislative commission 15 Nov accepted principle of increasing electoral threshold (from 3 to 5%) for upcoming legislative elections. Civil servants 22 Nov staged largest general strike in five years reportedly involving hundreds of thousands of public-sector workers. At least 3,000 people gathered outside parliament in capital Tunis, after powerful public-sector workers union UGTT failed to secure raise in wages.

Western Sahara

UN Security Council 31 Oct renewed mandate of UN mission MINURSO for six months instead of one year to pressure parties into resuming talks ahead of roundtable meeting between Morocco, Polisario Front independence movement, Algeria and Mauritania under UN auspices planned for 5-6 Dec in Geneva.